Alexis Descatha1, Grace Sembajwe2, Michael Baer3, Fabio Boccuni4, Cristina Di Tecco5, Clément Duret6, Bradley A Evanoff7, Diana Gagliardi8, Ivan D Ivanov9, Nancy Leppink10, Alessandro Marinaccio11, Linda L Magnusson Hanson12, Anna Ozguler13, Frank Pega14, John Pell15, Fernando Pico16, Annette Prüss-Üstün17, Matteo Ronchetti18, Yves Roquelaure19, Erika Sabbath20, Gretchen A Stevens21, Akizumi Tsutsumi22, Yuka Ujita23, Sergio Iavicoli24. 1. AP-HP (Paris Hospital "Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris"), Occupational Health Unit, University Hospital of West Suburb of Paris, Poincaré Site, Garches, France; Versailles St-Quentin Univ - Paris Saclay Univ (UVSQ), UMS 011, UMR-S 1168, France; Inserm, U1168 (VIMA: Aging and chronic diseases. Epidemiological and public health approaches,), UMS 011 (Population-based Epidemiologic Cohorts Unit), Villejuif, France. Electronic address: alexis.descatha@inserm.fr. 2. Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, NY, United States of America. Electronic address: grace.sembajwe@sph.cuny.edu. 3. AP-HP (Paris Hospital "Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris"), SAMU92, Poincaré University Hospital, Garches, France. Electronic address: michel.baer@aphp.fr. 4. Inail, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: f.boccuni@inail.it. 5. AP-HP (Paris Hospital "Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris"), SAMU92, Poincaré University Hospital, Garches, France. Electronic address: c.ditecco@inail.it. 6. AP-HP (Paris Hospital "Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris"), Occupational Health Unit, Poincaré University Hospital, Garches, France; Versailles St-Quentin Univ - Paris Saclay Univ (UVSQ), France; Inserm, U1168 UMS 011, Villejuif, France. 7. Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America. Electronic address: BEVANOFF@wustl.edu. 8. Inail, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: d.gagliardi@inail.it. 9. Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: ivanovi@who.int. 10. Labour Administration, Labour Inspection and Occupational Safety and Health Branch, International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: leppink@ilo.org. 11. Inail, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: a.marinaccio@inail.it. 12. Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: linda.hanson@su.se. 13. AP-HP (Paris Hospital "Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris"), SAMU92, Poincaré University Hospital, Garches, France; Inserm UMS 011 (Population-based Epidemiologic Cohorts Unit), Villejuif, France. Electronic address: anna.ozguler@inserm.fr. 14. Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: pegaf@who.int. 15. Hunter College Libraries, Social Work and Public Health Library, New York, NY, United States of America. Electronic address: jpell@hunter.cuny.edu. 16. Neurology and Stroke Unit, Versailles Hospital, Le Chesnay, France. Electronic address: fpico@ch-versailles.fr. 17. Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: pruessa@who.int. 18. Inail, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: m.ronchetti@inail.it. 19. Irset - Inserm UMR 1085 - Equipe Ester, UFR Santé, Département de Médecine, Angers Cedex, France. Electronic address: YvRoquelaure@chu-angers.fr. 20. Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America. Electronic address: erika.sabbath@bc.edu. 21. Department of Information, Evidence and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: stevensg@who.int. 22. Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami, Sagamihara, Japan. Electronic address: akizumi@kitasato-u.ac.jp. 23. Labour Administration, Labour Inspection and Occupational Safety and Health Branch, International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: ujita@ilo.org. 24. Inail, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: s.iavicoli@inail.it.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) are developing a joint methodology for estimating the national and global work-related burden of disease and injury (WHO/ILO joint methodology), with contributions from a large network of experts. In this paper, we present the protocol for two systematic reviews of parameters for estimating the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years from stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours, to inform the development of the WHO/ILO joint methodology. OBJECTIVES: We aim to systematically review studies on occupational exposure to long working hours (called Systematic Review 1 in the protocol) and systematically review and meta-analyse estimates of the effect of long working hours on stroke (called Systematic Review 2), applying the Navigation Guide systematic review methodology as an organizing framework, conducting both systematic reviews in tandem and in a harmonized way. DATA SOURCES: Separately for Systematic Reviews 1 and 2, we will search electronic academic databases for potentially relevant records from published and unpublished studies, including Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, CISDOC and PsychINFO. We will also search electronic grey literature databases, Internet search engines and organizational websites; hand-search reference list of previous systematic reviews and included study records; and consult additional experts. STUDY ELIGIBILITY AND CRITERIA: We will include working-age (≥15 years) workers in the formal and informal economy in any WHO and/or ILO Member State, but exclude children (<15 years) and unpaid domestic workers. For Systematic Review 1, we will include quantitative prevalence studies of relevant levels of occupational exposure to long working hours (i.e. 35-40, 41-48, 49-54 and ≥55 h/week) stratified by country, sex, age and industrial sector or occupation, in the years 2005-2018. For Systematic Review 2, we will include randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and other non-randomized intervention studies with an estimate of the relative effect of a relevant level of long working hours on the incidence of or mortality due to stroke, compared with the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (i.e. 35-40 h/week). STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: At least two review authors will independently screen titles and abstracts against the eligibility criteria at a first stage and full texts of potentially eligible records at a second stage, followed by extraction of data from qualifying studies. At least two review authors will assess risk of bias and the quality of evidence, using the most suited tools currently available. For Systematic Review 2, if feasible, we will combine relative risks using meta-analysis. We will report results using the guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting (GATHER) for Systematic Review 1 and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines (PRISMA) for Systematic Review 2. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42017060124.
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) are developing a joint methodology for estimating the national and global work-related burden of disease and injury (WHO/ILO joint methodology), with contributions from a large network of experts. In this paper, we present the protocol for two systematic reviews of parameters for estimating the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years from stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours, to inform the development of the WHO/ILO joint methodology. OBJECTIVES: We aim to systematically review studies on occupational exposure to long working hours (called Systematic Review 1 in the protocol) and systematically review and meta-analyse estimates of the effect of long working hours on stroke (called Systematic Review 2), applying the Navigation Guide systematic review methodology as an organizing framework, conducting both systematic reviews in tandem and in a harmonized way. DATA SOURCES: Separately for Systematic Reviews 1 and 2, we will search electronic academic databases for potentially relevant records from published and unpublished studies, including Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, CISDOC and PsychINFO. We will also search electronic grey literature databases, Internet search engines and organizational websites; hand-search reference list of previous systematic reviews and included study records; and consult additional experts. STUDY ELIGIBILITY AND CRITERIA: We will include working-age (≥15 years) workers in the formal and informal economy in any WHO and/or ILO Member State, but exclude children (<15 years) and unpaid domestic workers. For Systematic Review 1, we will include quantitative prevalence studies of relevant levels of occupational exposure to long working hours (i.e. 35-40, 41-48, 49-54 and ≥55 h/week) stratified by country, sex, age and industrial sector or occupation, in the years 2005-2018. For Systematic Review 2, we will include randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and other non-randomized intervention studies with an estimate of the relative effect of a relevant level of long working hours on the incidence of or mortality due to stroke, compared with the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (i.e. 35-40 h/week). STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: At least two review authors will independently screen titles and abstracts against the eligibility criteria at a first stage and full texts of potentially eligible records at a second stage, followed by extraction of data from qualifying studies. At least two review authors will assess risk of bias and the quality of evidence, using the most suited tools currently available. For Systematic Review 2, if feasible, we will combine relative risks using meta-analysis. We will report results using the guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting (GATHER) for Systematic Review 1 and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines (PRISMA) for Systematic Review 2. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42017060124.
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