Daniel König1, Matthäus Fellinger2, Nathalie Pruckner2, Barbara Hinterbuchinger2, Georg Dorffner3, Andreas Gleiss4, Sandra Vyssoki2, Benjamin Vyssoki2. 1. Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: daniel.koenig@meduniwien.ac.at. 2. Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. 3. Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. 4. Institute of Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Previous research suggests significant increases in suicide mortality rates in European countries following the economic crisis of 2008. However, the relationship between national differences in availability and use of mental health services and suicide rates has not been extensively examined yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on mental health services and socioeconomic variables were derived from Eurostat for the years 2000-2013 for ten European countries. The national health care variables consisted of suicide mortality rate (SMR), average length of hospital stay and number of hospitalizations due to affective disorder or any psychiatric disorder, number of psychiatric beds and number of prescribed antidepressants. Economic variables included the gross domestic product (GDP), the gross domestic product per 1000 inhabitants (Real GDP), the rate of unemployment and the GINI-coefficient as a measurement for the equality of wealth distribution. Mixed models were used to investigate the potential influence of the onset of the economic crisis in 2008 on each of the psychiatric variables. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess the influence on suicide mortality rates. RESULTS: In this study, a significant change in slope starting from 2008 was revealed for the number of psychiatric beds, hospitalizations due to affective disorder or any psychiatric disorder and for prescribed antidepressants. Furthermore, a significant step change for hospitalizations due to affective disorder was observed in 2008. SMR exhibited a significant step change in 2008 for males and females as well as a significant change in slope from 2008 onwards for males only. Contrary to our hypothesis, most variables showed no statistically significant influence on SMR. Only a higher number of available psychiatric beds was significantly associated with higher suicide mortality rates. This effect, however, was only significant for females and did not remain significant after correcting for economic variables. Less than 10% of suicide mortality rate variability could be explained by a model including all variables, further corroborating the multifactorial etiology of suicide. LIMITATIONS: Since administrative registry data was used, the results should be interpreted with caution. Results might not be applicable to countries not included. CONCLUSION: While significant changes in the psychiatric variables, as well as SMR, were observed, no statistically significant influence on SMR remained after correcting for country, time and economic variables. Our study suggests the necessity of a more comprehensive international data gathering effort. Further research is needed to identify populations at risk of suicide.
BACKGROUND: Previous research suggests significant increases in suicide mortality rates in European countries following the economic crisis of 2008. However, the relationship between national differences in availability and use of mental health services and suicide rates has not been extensively examined yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on mental health services and socioeconomic variables were derived from Eurostat for the years 2000-2013 for ten European countries. The national health care variables consisted of suicide mortality rate (SMR), average length of hospital stay and number of hospitalizations due to affective disorder or any psychiatric disorder, number of psychiatric beds and number of prescribed antidepressants. Economic variables included the gross domestic product (GDP), the gross domestic product per 1000 inhabitants (Real GDP), the rate of unemployment and the GINI-coefficient as a measurement for the equality of wealth distribution. Mixed models were used to investigate the potential influence of the onset of the economic crisis in 2008 on each of the psychiatric variables. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess the influence on suicide mortality rates. RESULTS: In this study, a significant change in slope starting from 2008 was revealed for the number of psychiatric beds, hospitalizations due to affective disorder or any psychiatric disorder and for prescribed antidepressants. Furthermore, a significant step change for hospitalizations due to affective disorder was observed in 2008. SMR exhibited a significant step change in 2008 for males and females as well as a significant change in slope from 2008 onwards for males only. Contrary to our hypothesis, most variables showed no statistically significant influence on SMR. Only a higher number of available psychiatric beds was significantly associated with higher suicide mortality rates. This effect, however, was only significant for females and did not remain significant after correcting for economic variables. Less than 10% of suicide mortality rate variability could be explained by a model including all variables, further corroborating the multifactorial etiology of suicide. LIMITATIONS: Since administrative registry data was used, the results should be interpreted with caution. Results might not be applicable to countries not included. CONCLUSION: While significant changes in the psychiatric variables, as well as SMR, were observed, no statistically significant influence on SMR remained after correcting for country, time and economic variables. Our study suggests the necessity of a more comprehensive international data gathering effort. Further research is needed to identify populations at risk of suicide.