Ilya Baryshnikov1, Tom Rosenström2, Pekka Jylhä3, Maaria Koivisto1, Outi Mantere4, Kirsi Suominen5, Tarja Melartin1, Maria Vuorilehto1, Mikael Holma5, Kirsi Riihimäki6, Erkki T Isometsä7. 1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 2. Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Mental Health Unit, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. 4. Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. 5. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, City of Helsinki, Social Services and Health Care, Helsinki, Finland. 6. Mental Health Unit, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. 7. Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Mental Health Unit, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: erkki.isometsa@hus.fi.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hopelessness is a common experience of patients with depressive disorders (DD) and an important predictor of suicidal behaviour. However, stability and factors explaining state and trait variation of hopelessness in patients with DD over time are poorly known. METHODS: Patients with DD (n = 406) from the Vantaa Depression Study and the Vantaa Primary Care Depression Study filled in the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Perceived Social Support Scale-Revised (PSSS-R), and Eysenck Personality Inventory-Q (EPI-Q) at baseline, at six and eighteen months, and at five years. We conducted a multilevel linear regression analyses predicting BHS with these covariates. RESULTS: During the five-year follow-up half of the variance in BHS was attributable to between-patient variance (50.6%, CI = 41.2-61.5%), and the rest arose from within-patient variance and measurement errors. BDI and BAI explained 5.6% of within-patient and 28.4% of between-patient variance of BHS. High Neuroticism and low Extraversion explained 2.6% of the between-patient variance of BHS. PSSS-R explained 5% of between-patient variance and 1.7% of within-patient variance of BHS. LIMITATIONS: No treatment effects were controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Hopelessness varies markedly over time both within and between patients with depression; it is both state- and trait-related. Concurrent depressive and anxiety symptoms and low social support explain both state and trait variance, whereas high Neuroticism and low Extraversion explain only trait variance of hopelessness. These variations influence the utility of hopelessness as an indicator of suicide risk.
BACKGROUND: Hopelessness is a common experience of patients with depressive disorders (DD) and an important predictor of suicidal behaviour. However, stability and factors explaining state and trait variation of hopelessness in patients with DD over time are poorly known. METHODS:Patients with DD (n = 406) from the Vantaa Depression Study and the Vantaa Primary Care Depression Study filled in the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Perceived Social Support Scale-Revised (PSSS-R), and Eysenck Personality Inventory-Q (EPI-Q) at baseline, at six and eighteen months, and at five years. We conducted a multilevel linear regression analyses predicting BHS with these covariates. RESULTS: During the five-year follow-up half of the variance in BHS was attributable to between-patient variance (50.6%, CI = 41.2-61.5%), and the rest arose from within-patient variance and measurement errors. BDI and BAI explained 5.6% of within-patient and 28.4% of between-patient variance of BHS. High Neuroticism and low Extraversion explained 2.6% of the between-patient variance of BHS. PSSS-R explained 5% of between-patient variance and 1.7% of within-patient variance of BHS. LIMITATIONS: No treatment effects were controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Hopelessness varies markedly over time both within and between patients with depression; it is both state- and trait-related. Concurrent depressive and anxiety symptoms and low social support explain both state and trait variance, whereas high Neuroticism and low Extraversion explain only trait variance of hopelessness. These variations influence the utility of hopelessness as an indicator of suicide risk.
Authors: Kari I Aaltonen; Tom Rosenström; Pekka Jylhä; Irina Holma; Mikael Holma; Sanna Pallaskorpi; Kirsi Riihimäki; Kirsi Suominen; Maria Vuorilehto; Erkki T Isometsä Journal: Front Psychiatry Date: 2020-11-26 Impact factor: 4.157
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Authors: Ivana T Croghan; Ryan T Hurt; Christopher A Aakre; Shawn C Fokken; Karen M Fischer; Stephanie A Lindeen; Darrell R Schroeder; Ravindra Ganesh; Karthik Ghosh; Brent A Bauer Journal: J Prim Care Community Health Date: 2022 Jan-Dec
Authors: Teodor T Postolache; Abhishek Wadhawan; Dan Rujescu; Andrew J Hoisington; Aline Dagdag; Enrique Baca-Garcia; Christopher A Lowry; Olaoluwa O Okusaga; Lisa A Brenner Journal: Front Psychiatry Date: 2021-06-11 Impact factor: 4.157