Magdalena S Svensson1, K A I Nekaris1,2, Simon K Bearder1, Caroline M Bettridge3, Thomas M Butynski1,4, Susan M Cheyne5, Nabajit Das1,6,7, Yvonne A de Jong1,4, Averee M Luhrs1, Lydia V Luncz8, Simon T Maddock9,10, Andrew Perkin1,11, Elizabeth Pimley1,12, Stephanie A Poindexter1, Kathleen D Reinhardt1, Denise Spaan1,13, Danica J Stark14,15, Carly R Starr16, Vincent Nijman1,2. 1. Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom. 2. Little Fireface Project, Rumah Hijau, Cipaganti, Garut, Indonesia. 3. Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom. 4. Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program, Nanyuki, Kenya. 5. Borneo Nature Foundation, Palangka Raya, Indonesia. 6. Primate Research Centre NE India, Guwahati, Assam, India. 7. Department of Zoology, B.H. College, Gauhati University, Howly, Assam, India. 8. Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. 9. Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom. 10. Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom. 11. Tanzania Forest Conservation Group, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 12. Department of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom. 13. Instituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico. 14. Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom. 15. Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia. 16. Northern Gulf Resource Management Group, Georgetown, Queensland, Australia.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Synthesize information on sleep patterns, sleep site use, and daytime predation at sleep sites in lorisiforms of Asia and Africa (10 genera, 36 species), and infer patterns of evolution of sleep site selection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted fieldwork in 12 African and six Asian countries, collecting data on sleep sites, timing of sleep and predation during daytime. We obtained additional information from literature and through correspondence. Using a phylogenetic approach, we established ancestral states of sleep site selection in lorisiforms and traced their evolution. RESULTS: The ancestral lorisiform was a fur-clinger and used dense tangles and branches/forks as sleep sites. Use of tree holes and nests as sleep sites emerged ∼22 Mya (range 17-26 Mya) in Africa, and use of bamboo emerged ∼11 (7-14) Mya in Asia and later in Africa. Fur clinging and some sleep sites (e.g., tree holes, nests, but not bamboo or dense tangles) show strong phylogenetic signal. Nests are used by Galagoides, Paragalago, Galago and Otolemur; tree holes by Galago, Paragalago, Sciurocheirus and Perodicticus; tangles by Nycticebus, Loris, Galagoides, Galago, Euoticus, Otolemur, Perodicticus and Arctocebus; all but Sciurocheirus and Otolemur additionally sleep on branches/forks. Daytime predation may affect sleep site selection and sleep patterns in some species of Nycticebus, Galago, Galagoides, Otolemur and Perodicticus. Most lorisiforms enter their sleep sites around sunrise and leave around sunset; several are active during twilight or, briefly, during daytime. CONCLUSION: Variations in sleep behavior, sleep patterns and vulnerability to daytime predation provide a window into the variation that was present in sleep in early primates. Overall, lorisiforms use the daytime for sleeping and no species can be classified as cathemeral or polycyclic.
OBJECTIVES: Synthesize information on sleep patterns, sleep site use, and daytime predation at sleep sites in lorisiforms of Asia and Africa (10 genera, 36 species), and infer patterns of evolution of sleep site selection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted fieldwork in 12 African and six Asian countries, collecting data on sleep sites, timing of sleep and predation during daytime. We obtained additional information from literature and through correspondence. Using a phylogenetic approach, we established ancestral states of sleep site selection in lorisiforms and traced their evolution. RESULTS: The ancestral lorisiform was a fur-clinger and used dense tangles and branches/forks as sleep sites. Use of tree holes and nests as sleep sites emerged ∼22 Mya (range 17-26 Mya) in Africa, and use of bamboo emerged ∼11 (7-14) Mya in Asia and later in Africa. Fur clinging and some sleep sites (e.g., tree holes, nests, but not bamboo or dense tangles) show strong phylogenetic signal. Nests are used by Galagoides, Paragalago, Galago and Otolemur; tree holes by Galago, Paragalago, Sciurocheirus and Perodicticus; tangles by Nycticebus, Loris, Galagoides, Galago, Euoticus, Otolemur, Perodicticus and Arctocebus; all but Sciurocheirus and Otolemur additionally sleep on branches/forks. Daytime predation may affect sleep site selection and sleep patterns in some species of Nycticebus, Galago, Galagoides, Otolemur and Perodicticus. Most lorisiforms enter their sleep sites around sunrise and leave around sunset; several are active during twilight or, briefly, during daytime. CONCLUSION: Variations in sleep behavior, sleep patterns and vulnerability to daytime predation provide a window into the variation that was present in sleep in early primates. Overall, lorisiforms use the daytime for sleeping and no species can be classified as cathemeral or polycyclic.
Authors: Susan M Cheyne; Bernat Ripoll Capilla; Abdulaziz K; Eka Cahyaningrum; David Ehlers Smith Journal: PLoS One Date: 2019-07-31 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Sergio Fernández Moya; Carlos Iglesias Pastrana; Carmen Marín Navas; María Josefa Ruíz Aguilera; Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo; Francisco Javier Navas González Journal: Animals (Basel) Date: 2021-12-28 Impact factor: 2.752