Caffeine: an evidence-based success story in VLBW pharmacotherapy.

Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a common and pervasive problem in very low birth weight infants. Methylxanthines were reported >40 years ago to be an effective therapy and, by the early 2000s, caffeine had become the preferred methylxanthine because of its wide therapeutic index, excellent bioavailability, and longer half-life. A clinical trial to address unresolved questions and toxicity concerns, completed in 2004, confirmed significant benefits of caffeine therapy, including shorter duration of intubation and respiratory support, reduced incidence of chronic lung disease, decreased need for treatment of patent ductus arteriosus, reduced severity of retinopathy of prematurity, and improved motor and visual function. Cohort studies have now further delineated the benefits of initiation of therapy before 3 days postnatal age, and of higher maintenance doses to achieve incremental beneficial effects. This review summarizes the pivotal and in particular the most recent studies that have established the safety and efficacy of caffeine therapy for AOP and other respiratory and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Caffeine has a very favorable benefit-to-risk ratio, and has become one of the most prescribed and cost-effective pharmacotherapies in the NICU.