Christelle Pomares1,2,3,4, Sébastien Devillard5, Tyson H Holmes2,6, Tudor Rares Olariu7, Cynthia J Press1, Raymund Ramirez1, Jeanne Talucod1, Remy Estran8, Chunlei Su9, Jitender P Dubey10, Daniel Ajzenberg11, Jose G Montoya1,2. 1. Palo Alto Medical Foundation Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory, National Reference Center for the Study and Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis, California. 2. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, California. 3. Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Virulence Microbienne et Signalisation Inflammatoire-Université de la Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine. 4. Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire l'Archet, Nice. 5. Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne. 6. Stanford University Human Immune Monitoring Center, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, California. 7. Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania. 8. Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Paris Europe, Paris. 9. Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 10. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Maryland. 11. Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, University of Limoges, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Limoges, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges, France.
Abstract
Background: Whereas in Europe most of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes belong to the type II lineage, in Latin America, type II is rare and atypical strains predominate. In North America, data on T. gondii genotypes in humans are scarce. Methods: In this study, T. gondii DNA samples from 67 patients with diagnosed toxoplasmosis in the United States were available for genotyping. Discriminant analysis of principal components was used to infer each atypical genotype to a geographic area where patients were probably infected. Associations between genotype, disease severity, immune status, and geographic region were also estimated. Results: Of 67 DNA samples, 41 were successfully genotyped: 18 (43.9%) and 5 (12.2%) were characterized as types II and III, respectively. The remaining 18 genotypes (43.9%) were atypical and were assigned to a geographic area. Ten genotypes originated from Latin America, 7 from North America, and 1 from Asia (China). In North America, unlike in Europe, T. gondii atypical genotypes are common in humans and, unlike in Latin America, type II strains are still present with significant frequency. Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware that atypical genotypes are common in North America and have been associated with severe ocular and systemic disease and unusual presentations of toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients.
Background: Whereas in Europe most of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes belong to the type II lineage, in Latin America, type II is rare and atypical strains predominate. In North America, data on T. gondii genotypes in humans are scarce. Methods: In this study, T. gondii DNA samples from 67 patients with diagnosed toxoplasmosis in the United States were available for genotyping. Discriminant analysis of principal components was used to infer each atypical genotype to a geographic area where patients were probably infected. Associations between genotype, disease severity, immune status, and geographic region were also estimated. Results: Of 67 DNA samples, 41 were successfully genotyped: 18 (43.9%) and 5 (12.2%) were characterized as types II and III, respectively. The remaining 18 genotypes (43.9%) were atypical and were assigned to a geographic area. Ten genotypes originated from Latin America, 7 from North America, and 1 from Asia (China). In North America, unlike in Europe, T. gondii atypical genotypes are common in humans and, unlike in Latin America, type II strains are still present with significant frequency. Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware that atypical genotypes are common in North America and have been associated with severe ocular and systemic disease and unusual presentations of toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients.
Authors: Shervi Lie; Elise Rochet; Erik Segerdell; Yuefang Ma; Liam M Ashander; Audra M A Shadforth; Timothy A Blenkinsop; Michael Z Michael; Binoy Appukuttan; Beth Wilmot; Justine R Smith Journal: Front Immunol Date: 2019-05-01 Impact factor: 7.561
Authors: Carlos A Gomez; Malaya K Sahoo; Ghazala Yasmeen Kahn; Lina Zhong; José G Montoya; Benjamin A Pinsky; Thuy Doan Journal: Br J Ophthalmol Date: 2019-01-12 Impact factor: 4.638
Authors: Mariangela Soberón Felín; Kanix Wang; Aliya Moreira; Andrew Grose; Karen Leahy; Ying Zhou; Fatima Alibana Clouser; Maryam Siddiqui; Nicole Leong; Perpetua Goodall; Morgan Michalowski; Mahmoud Ismail; Monica Christmas; Stephen Schrantz; Zuleima Caballero; Ximena Norero; Dora Estripeaut; David Ellis; Catalina Raggi; Catherine Castro; Davina Moossazadeh; Margarita Ramirez; Abhinav Pandey; Kevin Ashi; Samantha Dovgin; Ashtyn Dixon; Xuan Li; Ian Begeman; Sharon Heichman; Joseph Lykins; Delba Villalobos-Cerrud; Lorena Fabrega; José Luis Sanchez Montalvo; Connie Mendivil; Mario R Quijada; Silvia Fernández-Pirla; Valli de La Guardia; Digna Wong; Mayrene Ladrón de Guevara; Carlos Flores; Jovanna Borace; Anabel García; Natividad Caballero; Claudia Rengifo-Herrera; Maria Theresa Moreno de Saez; Michael Politis; Kristen Wroblewski; Theodore Karrison; Stephanie Ross; Mimansa Dogra; Vishan Dhamsania; Nicholas Graves; Marci Kirchberg; Kopal Mathur; Ashley Aue; Carlos M Restrepo; Alejandro Llanes; German Guzman; Arturo Rebellon; Kenneth Boyer; Peter Heydemann; A Gwendolyn Noble; Charles Swisher; Peter Rabiah; Shawn Withers; Teri Hull; Chunlei Su; Michael Blair; Paul Latkany; Ernest Mui; Daniel Vitor Vasconcelos-Santos; Alcibiades Villareal; Ambar Perez; Carlos Andrés Naranjo Galvis; Mónica Vargas Montes; Nestor Ivan Cardona Perez; Morgan Ramirez; Cy Chittenden; Edward Wang; Laura Lorena Garcia-López; Juliana Muñoz-Ortiz; Nicolás Rivera-Valdivia; María Cristina Bohorquez-Granados; Gabriela Castaño de-la-Torre; Guillermo Padrieu; Juan David Valencia Hernandez; Daniel Celis-Giraldo; Juan Alejandro Acosta Dávila; Elizabeth Torres; Manuela Mejia Oquendo; José Y Arteaga-Rivera; Dan L Nicolae; Andrey Rzhetsky; Nancy Roizen; Eileen Stillwaggon; Larry Sawers; Francois Peyron; Martine Wallon; Emanuelle Chapey; Pauline Levigne; Carmen Charter; Migdalia De Frias; Jose Montoya; Cindy Press; Raymund Ramirez; Despina Contopoulos-Ioannidis; Yvonne Maldonado; Oliver Liesenfeld; Carlos Gomez; Kelsey Wheeler; Ellen Holfels; David Frim; David McLone; Richard Penn; William Cohen; Samantha Zehar; James McAuley; Denis Limonne; Sandrine Houze; Sylvie Abraham; Raphael Piarroux; Vera Tesic; Kathleen Beavis; Ana Abeleda; Mari Sautter; Bouchra El Mansouri; Adlaoui El Bachir; Fatima Amarir; Kamal El Bissati; Alejandra de-la-Torre; Gabrielle Britton; Jorge Motta; Eduardo Ortega-Barria; Isabel Luz Romero; Paul Meier; Michael Grigg; Jorge Gómez-Marín; Jagannatha Rao Kosagisharaf; Xavier Sáez Llorens; Osvaldo Reyes; Rima McLeod Journal: Curr Pediatr Rep Date: 2022-08-22
Authors: Amy C Schumacher; Lina I Elbadawi; Traci DeSalvo; Anne Straily; Daniel Ajzenberg; David Letzer; Ellen Moldenhauer; Tammy L Handly; Dolores Hill; Marie-Laure Dardé; Christelle Pomares; Karine Passebosc-Faure; Kristine Bisgard; Carlos A Gomez; Cindy Press; Stephanie Smiley; José G Montoya; James J Kazmierczak Journal: Clin Infect Dis Date: 2021-05-04 Impact factor: 20.999
Authors: Aleksandra Uzelac; Ivana Klun; Vladimir Ćirković; Neda Bauman; Branko Bobić; Tijana Štajner; Jelena Srbljanović; Olivera Lijeskić; Olgica Djurković-Djaković Journal: Microorganisms Date: 2021-12-07