Arash Derakhshan1,2, Huan Shu3, Maarten A C Broeren4, Ralph A de Poortere4, Sverre Wikström5, Robin P Peeters1,2, Barbara Demeneix6, Carl-Gustaf Bornehag7,8, Tim I M Korevaar1,2. 1. Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, GE Rotterdam, Netherlands. 2. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, GE Rotterdam, Netherlands. 3. Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 4. Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, DB Veldhoven, Netherlands. 5. School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. 6. Laboratoire d'Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. 7. Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden. 8. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
Abstract
Context: Establishing reference ranges as well as identifying and quantifying the determinants of thyroid function during pregnancy is important for proper clinical interpretation and optimizing research efforts. However, such data are sparse, specifically for triiodothyronine measurements, and most studies do not take into account thyroid antibodies or human chorionic gonadotropin. Objective: To determine reference ranges and to identify/quantify determinants of TSH, free T4 (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total T4 (TT4), and total triiodothyronine (TT3). Design, Setting, and Participants: This study included 2314 participants of the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal, Mother and child, Asthma and allergy study, a population-based prospective pregnancy cohort of mother-child pairs. Reference ranges were calculated by 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles after excluding thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb)-positive and/or thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb)-positive women. Intervention: None. Main Outcome Measures: TSH, FT4, FT3, TT4, and TT3 in prenatal serum. Results: After exclusion of TPOAb-positive women, reference ranges were as follows: TSH, 0.11 to 3.48 mU/L; FT4, 11.6 to 19.4 pmol/L; FT3, 3.72 to 5.92 pg/mL; TT4, 82.4 to 166.2 pmol/L; and TT3, 1.28 to 2.92 nmol/L. Additional exclusion of TgAb-positive women did not change the reference ranges substantially. Exposure to tobacco smoke, as assessed by questionnaires and serum cotinine, was associated with lower TSH and higher FT3 and TT3. Body mass index (BMI) and gestational age were the main determinants of TSH (only for BMI), FT4, FT3, TT4, and TT3. Conclusions: We show that the exclusion of TgAb-positive women on top of excluding TPOAb-positive women hardly affects clinical reference ranges. We identified various relevant clinical determinants of TSH, FT4, FT3, TT4, and TT3 that could reflect endocrine-disrupting effects and/or effects on thyroid hormone transport or deiodination.
Context: Establishing reference ranges as well as identifying and quantifying the determinants of thyroid function during pregnancy is important for proper clinical interpretation and optimizing research efforts. However, such data are sparse, specifically for triiodothyronine measurements, and most studies do not take into account thyroid antibodies or human chorionic gonadotropin. Objective: To determine reference ranges and to identify/quantify determinants of TSH, free T4 (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total T4 (TT4), and total triiodothyronine (TT3). Design, Setting, and Participants: This study included 2314 participants of the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal, Mother and child, Asthma and allergy study, a population-based prospective pregnancy cohort of mother-child pairs. Reference ranges were calculated by 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles after excluding thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb)-positive and/or thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb)-positive women. Intervention: None. Main Outcome Measures: TSH, FT4, FT3, TT4, and TT3 in prenatal serum. Results: After exclusion of TPOAb-positive women, reference ranges were as follows: TSH, 0.11 to 3.48 mU/L; FT4, 11.6 to 19.4 pmol/L; FT3, 3.72 to 5.92 pg/mL; TT4, 82.4 to 166.2 pmol/L; and TT3, 1.28 to 2.92 nmol/L. Additional exclusion of TgAb-positive women did not change the reference ranges substantially. Exposure to tobacco smoke, as assessed by questionnaires and serum cotinine, was associated with lower TSH and higher FT3 and TT3. Body mass index (BMI) and gestational age were the main determinants of TSH (only for BMI), FT4, FT3, TT4, and TT3. Conclusions: We show that the exclusion of TgAb-positive women on top of excluding TPOAb-positive women hardly affects clinical reference ranges. We identified various relevant clinical determinants of TSH, FT4, FT3, TT4, and TT3 that could reflect endocrine-disrupting effects and/or effects on thyroid hormone transport or deiodination.
Authors: Joris A J Osinga; Arash Derakhshan; Glenn E Palomaki; Ghalia Ashoor; Tuija Männistö; Spyridoula Maraka; Liangmiao Chen; Sofie Bliddal; Xuemian Lu; Peter N Taylor; Tanja G M Vrijkotte; Fang-Biao Tao; Suzanne J Brown; Farkhanda Ghafoor; Kris Poppe; Flora Veltri; Lida Chatzi; Bijay Vaidya; Maarten A C Broeren; Beverley M Shields; Sachiko Itoh; Lorena Mosso; Polina V Popova; Anna D Anopova; Reiko Kishi; Ashraf Aminorroaya; Maryam Kianpour; Abel López-Bermejo; Emily Oken; Amna Pirzada; Marina Vafeiadi; Wichor M Bramer; Eila Suvanto; Jun Yoshinaga; Kun Huang; Judit Bassols; Laura Boucai; Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen; Elena N Grineva; Elizabeth N Pearce; Erik K Alexander; Victor J M Pop; Scott M Nelson; John P Walsh; Robin P Peeters; Layal Chaker; Kypros H Nicolaides; Mary E D'Alton; Tim I M Korevaar Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2022-09-28 Impact factor: 6.134