A Review of 2255 Emergency Abdominal Operations Performed over 17 years (1996-2013) in a Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit in India.

There is little information regarding the clinical spectrum and outcome of emergency abdominal operations from specialized units in India. We examined these in our gastrointestinal surgery and liver transplantation unit from a prospective database maintained between July 1996 and April 2013. Out of 9966 operations performed, 2255 (26%) were emergency procedures (reoperations during the same admission, e.g., for necrotizing pancreatitis were excluded). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative mortality. The mean age of the patients was 47 years (range 1-107) and included the following age groups: 0-18 years (n = 105, 4.7%); 19-64 years (n = 1766, 78.3%), and >65 years (n = 384, 17.0%). The majority were males (1609, 71%), and there were 646 females (29%). The most common indications were small bowel emergencies (598, 26.5%), followed by pancreatic (417, 18.5%) and colonic (281, 12.5%) emergencies. Pancreatic operations were the second commonest in the adult and middle aged group. Colorectal operations were the second commonest in the geriatric age group (>65 years). Emergency operations for other conditions were: postoperative complications following elective operations 171 (7.5%), gastroduodenal bleeding or perforation in 144 (6.3%), and liver surgery in 93 patients (4.1%) patients. In the small bowel emergencies, 223 patients (37.2%) had primary diagnosis of adhesive obstruction, gangrene in 135 patients (22.5%), perforation in 121 patients (20%), and fistula in 56 patients (9.3%). Mesenteric venous thrombosis was found to be the primary cause of small bowel emergencies, either as a primary cause in gangrene or as a secondary cause in perforations and adhesions. The postoperative mortality after emergencies was 12.6% compared to 2% in elective procedures. Mortality was significantly higher in males (14%) than females (9.6%), p < 0.005. Category wise mortality was as follows: pancreatic surgery (n = 86, 20.6%), surgery for postoperative complications (n = 33, 19.3%), duodenal surgery (n = 18, 12.5%), small intestinal surgery (n = 68, 11.4%), and colonic surgery (n = 35, 12.45%). Emergency operations comprise a significant proportion of a GI surgical unit's workload. The mortality is greatest after pancreatic operations followed by those done for postoperative complications. Despite advances in surgical and postoperative care, emergency operations for abdominal emergencies are associated with mortality which is six times higher compared to elective procedures.