Anna Głobińska1, Tadech Boonpiyathad1, Pattraporn Satitsuksanoa1, Mirelle Kleuskens2, Willem van de Veen1, Milena Sokolowska1, Mübeccel Akdis3. 1. Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Obere, Davos, Switzerland. 2. Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Obere, Davos, Switzerland; Wageningen University and Research, Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen, Netherlands. 3. Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Obere, Davos, Switzerland. Electronic address: akdism@siaf.uzh.ch.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy based on the recent publications and clinical trials. DATA SOURCES: PubMed literature review. STUDY SELECTIONS: In this review, we focus on diverse mechanisms of AIT and provide an insight into alternative routes of administration. Additionally, we review and discuss the most recent studies investigating potential biomarkers and highlight their role in clinical settings. RESULTS: Successful allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) induces the reinstatement of tolerance toward allergens and represents a disease-modifying treatment. In the last decades, substantial progress in understanding the mechanisms of AIT has been achieved. Establishment of long-term clinical tolerance to allergens engages a complex network of interactions, modulating the functions of basophils, mast cells, allergen-specific regulatory T and B cells, and production of specific antibodies. The reduction of symptoms and clinical improvement is achieved by skewing the immune response away from allergic inflammation. CONCLUSION: Although the complex nature of AIT mechanisms is becoming more clear, the need to discover reliable biomarkers to define patients likely to respond to the treatment is emerging.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy based on the recent publications and clinical trials. DATA SOURCES: PubMed literature review. STUDY SELECTIONS: In this review, we focus on diverse mechanisms of AIT and provide an insight into alternative routes of administration. Additionally, we review and discuss the most recent studies investigating potential biomarkers and highlight their role in clinical settings. RESULTS: Successful allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) induces the reinstatement of tolerance toward allergens and represents a disease-modifying treatment. In the last decades, substantial progress in understanding the mechanisms of AIT has been achieved. Establishment of long-term clinical tolerance to allergens engages a complex network of interactions, modulating the functions of basophils, mast cells, allergen-specific regulatory T and B cells, and production of specific antibodies. The reduction of symptoms and clinical improvement is achieved by skewing the immune response away from allergic inflammation. CONCLUSION: Although the complex nature of AIT mechanisms is becoming more clear, the need to discover reliable biomarkers to define patients likely to respond to the treatment is emerging.
Authors: Manuela B Pucca; Felipe A Cerni; Isadora S Oliveira; Timothy P Jenkins; Lídia Argemí; Christoffer V Sørensen; Shirin Ahmadi; José E Barbosa; Andreas H Laustsen Journal: Front Immunol Date: 2019-09-06 Impact factor: 7.561