| Literature DB >> 29962518 |
Silke Brenne1,2, Jürgen Breckenkamp3, Theda Borde4, Matthias David2, Oliver Razum3.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Recent breastfeeding studies from immigration countries have found that acculturation factors influence breastfeeding behaviour in women with a migration background. To date, there has been no systematic investigation for Germany. Therefore, we study whether and how the degree of acculturation within a population of migrant women influences the start, time and duration of breastfeeding. PATIENT POPULATION ANDEntities:
Keywords: acculturation; breastfeeding; breastfeeding behaviour; breastfeeding prevalence; migration
Year: 2018 PMID: 29962518 PMCID: PMC6018070 DOI: 10.1055/a-0601-6873
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 1 Breastfeeding prevalence of study participants according to migration status, degree of acculturation and to country or region of birth: second (T2) and third (T3) survey time-point.
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| ||
| All study participants | 664 (9.6) | |
|
|
|
|
| First-generation migrants | 2531 (91.7) | 99 (55.9) |
| Women with 2nd + 3rd generation migration background | 870 (93.0) | 23 (32.9) |
| Women with one immigrant parent | 291 (90.4) | 18 (54.5) |
| Women without migration background | 2528 (88.2) | 172 (52.9) |
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|
|
|
| Degree of acculturation (women with 1st to 3rd generation migration background) | ||
low degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | 827 (93.4) | 42 (59.2) |
medium degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | 1437 (92.3) | 53 (44.2) |
high degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | 599 (89.9) | 24 (45.3) |
| Country/region of birth (women with 1st to 3rd generation migration background) | ||
Germany | 881 (92.8) | 24 (33.8) |
Turkey | 660 (96.2) | 28 (54.9) |
Lebanon | 348 (94.3) | 7 (43.8) |
CIS states | 173 (92.5) | 10 (52.6) |
| Language knowledge (women with 1st to 3rd generation migration background) | ||
Native language German and bilingual | 435 (92.4) | 14 (41.2) |
Other native language | 2966 (92.0) | 108 (50.7) |
Very good – good knowledge of German | 1564 (92.8) | 66 (48.2) |
Moderate to no knowledge of German | 1448 (91.1) | 44 (57.1) |
| Residence (first-generation immigrants) | ||
0 – 4 years | 884 (91.9) | 29 (67.4) |
5 – 9 years | 523 (91.9) | 27 (62.8) |
10 – 14 years | 371 (92.3) | 16 (53.3) |
15+ years | 713 (91.1) | 27 (44.3) |
Table 2 Odds of breastfeeding according to degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) in women with a 1st to 3rd generation migration background (non-adjusted and adjusted binary logistical regression analysis); n = 2641.
| Model quality: R 2 according to Nagelkerke 0.231; CI = Confidence interval | |||
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|
| |
| Degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | |||
low degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | Reference | ||
moderate degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | 0.94 | 0.65 – 1.35 | 0.731 |
high degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | 0.79 | 0.52 – 1.21 | 0.279 |
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|
|
| |
| Degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | |||
low degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | Reference | ||
moderate degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | 0.99 | 0.66 – 1.49 | 0.966 |
high degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | 0.86 | 0.52 – 1.41 | 0.540 |
| Migration status | |||
First-generation migrants | Reference | ||
Women with 2nd + 3rd generation migration background | 1.58 | 1.04 – 2.41 |
|
| Maternal age | |||
18 – 24 years | Reference | ||
25 – 29 years | 1.01 | 0.61 – 1.68 | 0.967 |
30 – 34 years | 0.77 | 0.46 – 1.31 | 0.341 |
35+ years | 0.60 | 0.35 – 1.04 | 0.070 |
| Net income | |||
> 2600 Euro | Reference | ||
> 1500 – 2600 Euro | 1.28 | 0.71 – 2.32 | 0.413 |
900 – 1500 Euro | 1.36 | 0.78 – 2.39 | 0.279 |
< 900 Euro | 1.22 | 0.66 – 2.25 | 0.529 |
| School education | |||
Secondary school leaving examination | Reference | ||
Technical/vocational school | 0.90 | 0.59 – 1.39 | 0.633 |
No educational qualification/primary school only | 0.74 | 0.43 – 1.30 | 0.296 |
| Birth mode | |||
Section (reference: no) | 0.33 | 0.26 – 0.48 |
|
Multiple birth (reference: no) | 0.97 | 0.45 – 2.10 | 0.942 |
Breastfeeding experience (reference: no) | 10.54 | 6.28 – 17.68 |
|
Breastfeeding instruction (reference: no) | 5.29 | 3.59 – 7.79 |
|
Smoking during pregnancy (no) | Reference | ||
Smoking during pregnancy: occasional/regular | 0.80 | 0.54 – 1.17 | 0.246 |
| Parity | |||
Nullipara | Reference | ||
Primipara/bipara | 0.30 | 0.18 – 0.52 |
|
Multipara | 0.24 | 0.12 – 0.49 |
|
| Prematurity | |||
Premature birth (no) (≥ week 37 + 0) | Reference | ||
Early premature birth (≥ week 34 + 0 – < week 37 + 0) | 0.42 | 0.25 – 0.70 |
|
Very early premature birth (< week 34 + 0) | 0.25 | 0.13 – 0.45 |
|
| Partner | |||
Permanent relationship (reference: no) | 2.23 | 1.28 – 3.91 |
|
Table 3 Odds of a planned long breastfeeding duration (≥ 4 months) according to degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) in women with a 1st to 3rd generation migration background (non-adjusted and adjusted binary logistical regression analysis); n = 2152.
| Model quality: R 2 according to Nagelkerke 0.072; CI = Confidence interval | |||
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|
|
| |
low degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | Reference | ||
moderate degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | 0.71 | 0.50 – 1.02 | 0.067 |
high degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | 0.71 | 0.47 – 1.09 | 0.118 |
|
|
|
| |
| Degree of acculturation | |||
low degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | Reference | ||
moderate degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | 0.61 | 0.41 – 0.89 |
|
high degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | 0.51 | 0.36 – 0.83 |
|
| Migration status | |||
First-generation migrants | Reference | ||
Women with 2nd + 3rd generation migration background | 1.02 | 0.73 – 1.44 | 0.891 |
| Age | |||
18 – 24 years | Reference | ||
25 – 29 years | 1.39 | 0.93 – 2.07 | 0.104 |
30 – 34 years | 1.91 | 1.20 – 3.04 |
|
35+ years | 1.41 | 0.85 – 2.32 | 0.182 |
| Net income | |||
> 2600 Euro | Reference | ||
> 1500 – 2600 Euro | 1.41 | 0.77 – 2.56 | 0.262 |
900 – 1500 Euro | 0.98 | 0.56 – 1.70 | 0.935 |
< 900 Euro | 0.74 | 0.41 – 1.35 | 0.323 |
| School education | |||
Secondary school leaving examination | Reference | ||
Technical/vocational school | 0.71 | 0.47 – 1.07 | 0.101 |
No educational qualification/primary school only | 0.45 | 0.27 – 0.74 |
|
| Birth mode | |||
Section (reference: no) | 1.08 | 0.76 – 1.53 | 0.672 |
| (Return to) Work | |||
not planned | Reference | ||
directly after maternity leave | 0.38 | 0.20 – 0.71 |
|
only after parental leave | 0.92 | 0.56 – 1.51 | 0.752 |
only later | 1.08 | 0.71 – 1.64 | 0.712 |
Breastfeeding experience (reference: no) | 1.32 | 0.67 – 2.60 | 0.415 |
Breastfeeding instruction (reference: no) | 0.87 | 0.62 – 1.21 | 0.408 |
| Smoking during pregnancy (no) | |||
Smoking during pregnancy: occasional/regular | 0.70 | 0.50 – 0.98 |
|
| Parity | |||
Nullipara | Reference | ||
Primipara/bipara | 0.43 | 0.21 – 0.86 |
|
Multipara | 0.30 | 0.13 – 0.71 |
|
| Prematurity | |||
Premature birth (no) (≥ week 37 + 0) | Reference | ||
Early premature birth (≥ week 34 + 0 – < week 37 + 0) | 1.16 | 0.62 – 2.19 | 0.638 |
Very early premature birth (< week 34 + 0) | 0.69 | 0.29 – 1.62 | 0.391 |
| Partner | |||
Permanent relationship (reference: no) | 0.93 | 0.48 – 1.78 | 0.822 |
Table 4 Influence of the degree of acculturation (country/region of birth) on planned long breastfeeding duration (≥ 4 months) in women with a first-generation migration background (non-adjusted and adjusted binary logistical regression analysis); n = 1470.
| Model quality: R 2 according to Nagelkerke 0.100; CI = Confidence interval | |||
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| |
| Country of birth | |||
Germany | Reference | ||
Turkey | 3.01 | 1.72 – 5.28 | < 0.0001 |
Lebanon | 0.53 | 0.34 – 0.82 | 0.004 |
CIS states | 1.48 | 0.72 – 3.06 | 0.287 |
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|
| |
| Country of birth | |||
Germany | Reference | ||
Turkey | 3.26 | 1.78 – 6.00 |
|
Lebanon | 0.62 | 0.37 – 1.02 | 0.058 |
CIS states | 1.20 | 0.55 – 2.58 | 0.649 |
| Age | |||
18 – 24 years | Reference | ||
25 – 29 years | 1.38 | 0.84 – 2.27 | 0.202 |
30 – 34 years | 2.01 | 1.08 – 3.75 |
|
35 years+ | 1.30 | 0.68 – 2.46 | 0.427 |
| Net income | |||
> 2600 Euro | Reference | ||
> 1500 – 2600 Euro | 1.22 | 0.52 – 2.88 | 0.646 |
900 – 1500 Euro | 0.89 | 0.40 – 1.98 | 0.769 |
< 900 Euro | 0.73 | 0.31 – 1.72 | 0.467 |
| School education | |||
Secondary school leaving examination | Reference | ||
Technical/vocational school | 0.663 | 0.36 – 1.22 | 0.184 |
No educational qualification/primary school only | 0.53 | 0.26 – 1.10 | 0.090 |
| Birth mode | |||
Section (reference: no) | 1.21 | 0.75 – 1.94 | 0.433 |
Breastfeeding experience (reference: no) | 1.19 | 0.50 – 2.83 | 0.689 |
Breastfeeding instruction (reference: no) | 1.02 | 0.67 – 1.56 | 0.920 |
| (Return to) Work | |||
not planned | Reference | ||
directly after maternity leave | 0.45 | 0.17 – 1.17 | 0.101 |
only after parental leave | 0.67 | 0.36 – 1.25 | 0.207 |
only later | 1.09 | 0.66 – 1.79 | 0.742 |
Smoking during pregnancy (no) | Reference | ||
Smoking during pregnancy: occasional/regular | 0.67 | 0.44 – 1.03 | 0.070 |
| Parity | |||
Nullipara | Reference | ||
Primipara/bipara | 0.55 | 0.22 – 1.34 | 0.187 |
Multipara | 0.33 | 0.11 – 0.98 |
|
| Prematurity | |||
Premature birth (no) (≥ week 37 + 0) | Reference | ||
Early premature birth (≥ week 34 + 0 – < week 37 + 0) | 1.15 | 0.50 – 2.62 | 0.742 |
Very early premature birth (< week 34 + 0) | 0.50 | 0.17 – 1.42 | 0.191 |
| Partner | |||
Permanent relationship (reference: no) | 0.98 | 0.40 – 2.41 | 0.961 |
Table 5 Risk of weaning within six months post partum; differentiated according to degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) in women with a 1st to 3rd generation migration background (adjusted Cox regression analysis); n = 216.
| Adjusted hazard ratios | 95% CI | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Also adjusted for multiple birth, smoking in pregnancy, premature, delivery by section, parity, maternal age, breastfeeding experience, permanent relationship and net income | |||
| Degree of acculturation | |||
low degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | Reference | ||
moderate degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | 1.73 | 1.01 – 2.96 | 0.047 |
high degree of acculturation (FRAKK 15) | 2.23 | 1.11 – 4.48 | 0.024 |
| School education | |||
Secondary school leaving examination | Reference | ||
Technical/vocational school | 2.27 | 1.33 – 3.85 | 0.002 |
No educational qualification/primary school only | 2.71 | 1.19 – 6.17 | 0.018 |
Tab. 1 Stillprävalenzen der Studienteilnehmerinnen nach Migrationsstatus, Akkulturationsgrad und Geburtsland bzw. Geburtsregion: 2. (T2) und 3. (T3) Erhebungszeitpunkt.
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| alle Studienteilnehmerinnen | 664 (9,6) | |
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|
| Migrantinnen 1. Generation | 2531 (91,7) | 99 (55,9) |
| Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund 2. + 3. Generation | 870 (93,0) | 23 (32,9) |
| Frauen mit einem zugewanderten Elternteil | 291 (90,4) | 18 (54,5) |
| Frauen ohne Migrationshintergrund | 2528 (88,2) | 172 (52,9) |
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| Akkulturationsgrad (Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund 1. bis 3. Generation) | ||
niedriger Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | 827 (93,4) | 42 (59,2) |
mittlerer Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | 1437 (92,3) | 53 (44,2) |
hoher Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | 599 (89,9) | 24 (45,3) |
| Geburtsland/-region (Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund 1. bis 3. Generation) | ||
Deutschland | 881 (92,8) | 24 (33,8) |
Türkei | 660 (96,2) | 28 (54,9) |
Libanon | 348 (94,3) | 7 (43,8) |
GUS-Staaten | 173 (92,5) | 10 (52,6) |
| Sprachkenntnisse (Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund 1. bis 3. Generation) | ||
Muttersprache Deutsch und 2-sprachig | 435 (92,4) | 14 (41,2) |
andere Muttersprache | 2966 (92,0) | 108 (50,7) |
sehr gute bis gute deutsche Sprachkenntnisse | 1564 (92,8) | 66 (48,2) |
mittlere bis keine deutschen Sprachkenntnisse | 1448 (91,1) | 44 (57,1) |
| Aufenthaltsdauer (Immigrantinnen 1. Generation) | ||
0 – 4 Jahre | 884 (91,9) | 29 (67,4) |
5 – 9 Jahre | 523 (91,9) | 27 (62,8) |
10 – 14 Jahre | 371 (92,3) | 16 (53,3) |
15+ Jahre | 713 (91,1) | 27 (44,3) |
Tab. 2 Chance zu stillen nach Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) bei Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund der 1. – 3. Generation (nicht adjustierte und adjustierte binär logistische Regressionsanalyse); n = 2641.
| Modellqualität: R 2 nach Nagelkerke 0,231; KI = Konfidenzintervall | |||
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| Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | |||
niedriger Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | Referenz | ||
mittlerer Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | 0,94 | 0,65 – 1,35 | 0,731 |
hoher Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | 0,79 | 0,52 – 1,21 | 0,279 |
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|
|
| |
| Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | |||
niedriger Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | Referenz | ||
mittlerer Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | 0,99 | 0,66 – 1,49 | 0,966 |
hoher Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | 0,86 | 0,52 – 1,41 | 0,540 |
| Migrationsstatus | |||
Migrantinnen 1. Generation | Referenz | ||
Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund 2. + 3. Generation | 1,58 | 1,04 – 2,41 |
|
| mütterliches Alter | |||
18 – 24 Jahre | Referenz | ||
25 – 29 Jahre | 1,01 | 0,61 – 1,68 | 0,967 |
30 – 34 Jahre | 0,77 | 0,46 – 1,31 | 0,341 |
35+ Jahre | 0,60 | 0,35 – 1,04 | 0,070 |
| Nettoeinkommen | |||
> 2600 Euro | Referenz | ||
> 1500 – 2600 Euro | 1,28 | 0,71 – 2,32 | 0,413 |
900 – 1500 Euro | 1,36 | 0,78 – 2,39 | 0,279 |
< 900 Euro | 1,22 | 0,66 – 2,25 | 0,529 |
| Schulbildung | |||
(Fach-)Abitur | Referenz | ||
Haupt-/Real-/Berufsschule | 0,90 | 0,59 – 1,39 | 0,633 |
kein Abschluss/nur Grundschule | 0,74 | 0,43 – 1,30 | 0,296 |
| Geburtsmodus | |||
Sectio (Referenz: nein) | 0,33 | 0,26 – 0,48 |
|
Mehrlingsgeburt (Referenz: nein) | 0,97 | 0,45 – 2,10 | 0,942 |
Stillerfahrung (Referenz: nein) | 10,54 | 6,28 – 17,68 |
|
Stillanleitung (Referenz: nein) | 5,29 | 3,59 – 7,79 |
|
Rauchen während Schwangerschaft (nein) | Referenz | ||
Rauchen während Schwangerschaft: gelegentlich/regelmäßig | 0,80 | 0,54 – 1,17 | 0,246 |
| Parität | |||
Nullipara | Referenz | ||
Primi-/Bipara | 0,30 | 0,18 – 0,52 |
|
Multipara | 0,24 | 0,12 – 0,49 |
|
| Frühgeburtlichkeit | |||
Frühgeburt (nein) (≥ SSW 37 + 0) | Referenz | ||
frühe Frühgeburt (≥ SSW 34 + 0 – < SSW 37 + 0) | 0,42 | 0,25 – 0,70 |
|
sehr frühe Frühgeburt (< SSW 34 + 0) | 0,25 | 0,13 – 0,45 |
|
| Partnerschaft | |||
feste Partnerschaft (Referenz: nein) | 2,23 | 1,28 – 3,91 |
|
Tab. 3 Chance einer geplanten langen Stilldauer (≥ 4 Monate) nach Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15), Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund der 1. – 3. Generation (nicht adjustierte und adjustierte binär logistische Regressionsanalyse); n = 2152.
| Modellqualität: R 2 nach Nagelkerke 0,072; KI = Konfidenzintervall | |||
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| |
| niedriger Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | Referenz | ||
| mittlerer Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | 0,71 | 0,50 – 1,02 | 0,067 |
| hoher Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | 0,71 | 0,47 – 1,09 | 0,118 |
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|
| |
| Akkulturationsgrad | |||
niedriger Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | Referenz | ||
mittlerer Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | 0,61 | 0,41 – 0,89 |
|
hoher Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) | 0,51 | 0,36 – 0,83 |
|
| Migrationsstatus | |||
Migrantinnen 1. Generation | Referenz | ||
Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund 2.+3. Generation | 1,02 | 0,73 – 1,44 | 0,891 |
| Alter | |||
18 – 24 Jahre | Referenz | ||
25 – 29 Jahre | 1,39 | 0,93 – 2,07 | 0,104 |
30 – 34 Jahre | 1,91 | 1,20 – 3,04 |
|
35+ Jahre | 1,41 | 0,85 – 2,32 | 0,182 |
| Nettoeinkommen | |||
> 2600 Euro | Referenz | ||
> 1500 – 2600 Euro | 1,41 | 0,77 – 2,56 | 0,262 |
900 – 1500 Euro | 0,98 | 0,56 – 1,70 | 0,935 |
< 900 Euro | 0,74 | 0,41 – 1,35 | 0,323 |
| Schulbildung | |||
(Fach-)Abitur | Referenz | ||
Haupt-/Real-/Berufsschule | 0,71 | 0,47 – 1,07 | 0,101 |
kein Abschluss/nur Grundschule | 0,45 | 0,27 – 0,74 |
|
| Geburtsmodus | |||
Sectio (Referenz: nein) | 1,08 | 0,76 – 1,53 | 0,672 |
| (Rückkehr) Berufstätigkeit | |||
nicht geplant | Referenz | ||
direkt nach Mutterschutz | 0,38 | 0,20 – 0,71 |
|
nach der Elternzeit | 0,92 | 0,56 – 1,51 | 0,752 |
erst später | 1,08 | 0,71 – 1,64 | 0,712 |
Stillerfahrung (Referenz: nein) | 1,32 | 0,67 – 2,60 | 0,415 |
Stillanleitung (Referenz: nein) | 0,87 | 0,62 – 1,21 | 0,408 |
| Rauchen während Schwangerschaft (nein) | |||
Rauchen während Schwangerschaft: gelegentlich/regelmäßig | 0,70 | 0,50 – 0,98 |
|
| Parität | |||
Nullipara | Referenz | ||
Primi-/Bipara | 0,43 | 0,21 – 0,86 |
|
Multipara | 0,30 | 0,13 – 0,71 |
|
| Frühgeburtlichkeit | |||
Frühgeburt (nein) (≥ SSW 37 + 0) | Referenz | ||
frühe Frühgeburt (≥ SSW 34 + 0 – < SSW 37 + 0) | 1,16 | 0,62 – 2,19 | 0,638 |
sehr frühe Frühgeburt (< SSW 34 + 0) | 0,69 | 0,29 – 1,62 | 0,391 |
| Partnerschaft | |||
feste Partnerschaft (Referenz: nein) | 0,93 | 0,48 – 1,78 | 0,822 |
Tab. 4 Einfluss des Akkulturationsgrades (Geburtsland/-region) auf eine geplante lange Stilldauer (≥ 4 Monate) bei Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund der 1. Generation (nicht adjustierte und adjustierte binär logistische Regressionsanalyse); n = 1470.
| Modellqualität: R 2 nach Nagelkerke 0,100; KI = Konfidenzintervall | |||
|
|
|
| |
| Geburtsland | |||
Deutschland | Referenz | ||
Türkei | 3,01 | 1,72 – 5,28 | < 0,0001 |
Libanon | 0,53 | 0,34 – 0,82 | 0,004 |
GUS-Staaten | 1,48 | 0,72 – 3,06 | 0,287 |
|
|
|
| |
| Geburtsland | |||
Deutschland | Referenz | ||
Türkei | 3,26 | 1,78 – 6,00 |
|
Libanon | 0,62 | 0,37 – 1,02 | 0,058 |
GUS-Staaten | 1,20 | 0,55 – 2,58 | 0,649 |
| Alter | |||
18 – 24 Jahre | Referenz | ||
25 – 29 Jahre | 1,38 | 0,84 – 2,27 | 0,202 |
30 – 34 Jahre | 2,01 | 1,08 – 3,75 |
|
35 Jahre+ | 1,30 | 0,68 – 2,46 | 0,427 |
| Nettoeinkommen | |||
> 2600 Euro | Referenz | ||
> 1500 – 2600 Euro | 1,22 | 0,52 – 2,88 | 0,646 |
900 – 1500 Euro | 0,89 | 0,40 – 1,98 | 0,769 |
< 900 Euro | 0,73 | 0,31 – 1,72 | 0,467 |
| Schulbildung | |||
(Fach-)Abitur | Referenz | ||
Haupt-/Real-/Berufsschule | 0,663 | 0,36 – 1,22 | 0,184 |
kein Abschluss/nur Grundschule | 0,53 | 0,26 – 1,10 | 0,090 |
| Geburtsmodus | |||
Sectio (Referenz: nein) | 1,21 | 0,75 – 1,94 | 0,433 |
Stillerfahrung (Referenz: nein) | 1,19 | 0,50 – 2,83 | 0,689 |
Stillanleitung (Referenz: nein) | 1,02 | 0,67 – 1,56 | 0,920 |
| (Rückkehr) Berufstätigkeit | |||
nicht geplant | Referenz | ||
direkt nach Mutterschutz | 0,45 | 0,17 – 1,17 | 0,101 |
nach der Elternzeit | 0,67 | 0,36 – 1,25 | 0,207 |
erst später | 1,09 | 0,66 – 1,79 | 0,742 |
Rauchen während Schwangerschaft (nein) | Referenz | ||
Rauchen während Schwangerschaft: gelegentlich/regelmäßig | 0,67 | 0,44 – 1,03 | 0,070 |
| Parität | |||
Nullipara | Referenz | ||
Primi-/Bipara | 0,55 | 0,22 – 1,34 | 0,187 |
Multipara | 0,33 | 0,11 – 0,98 |
|
| Frühgeburtlichkeit | |||
Frühgeburt (nein) (≥ SSW 37 + 0) | Referenz | ||
frühe Frühgeburt (≥ SSW 34 + 0 – < SSW 37 + 0) | 1,15 | 0,50 – 2,62 | 0,742 |
sehr frühe Frühgeburt (< SSW 34 + 0) | 0,50 | 0,17 – 1,42 | 0,191 |
| Partnerschaft | |||
feste Partnerschaft (Referenz: nein) | 0,98 | 0,40 – 2,41 | 0,961 |
Tab. 5 Risiko, innerhalb von 6 Monaten post partum abzustillen; differenziert nach Akkulturationsgrad (FRAKK 15) bei Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund 1. bis 3. Generation (adjustierte Regressionsanalyse nach Cox); n = 216.
| adjustierte Hazard Ratios | 95%-KI | p-Wert | |
|---|---|---|---|
| außerdem adjustiert für Mehrlingsgeburt, Rauchen in der Schwangerschaft, Frühgeburtlichkeit, Sectioentbindung, Parität, mütterliches Alter, Stillerfahrung, feste Partnerschaft und Nettoeinkommen | |||
| Akkulturationsgrad | |||
niedrigerer Akkulturationsgrad | Referenz | ||
mittlerer Akkulturationsgrad | 1,73 | 1,01 – 2,96 | 0,047 |
höherer Akkulturationsgrad | 2,23 | 1,11 – 4,48 | 0,024 |
| Schulbildung | |||
(Fach-)Abitur | Referenz | ||
Haupt-/Real-/Berufsschule | 2,27 | 1,33 – 3,85 | 0,002 |
kein Abschluss/nur Grundschule | 2,71 | 1,19 – 6,17 | 0,018 |