John P Caldwell1, Lin H Chen2,3, Davidson H Hamer4,5. 1. Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. 2. Division of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA. 3. Faculty of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 4. Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), Boston, MA, USA. dhamer@bu.edu. 5. Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. dhamer@bu.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We examine the present global burden of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in endemic populations, summarize published cases in travelers since 2009, examine current guidelines for vaccination for international travelers, and consider challenges in prevention of this vector-borne disease. RECENT FINDINGS: We identified 11 JE cases in travelers that were published in peer-reviewed literature since 2009. JE incidence in endemic countries appears to be declining but the number of JE cases reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) varied from estimates derived from other published reports based on serosurveys or sentinel surveillance. Current JE vaccines appear to be safe and are not associated with delayed hypersensitivity in contrast to the older mouse brain vaccine. Given differences between WHO-reported cases and local surveillance data, future research on true incidence is needed. Regular assessment will inform JE risk in travelers. National and international guidelines on JE vaccination varied; we suggest areas for improvement.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We examine the present global burden of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in endemic populations, summarize published cases in travelers since 2009, examine current guidelines for vaccination for international travelers, and consider challenges in prevention of this vector-borne disease. RECENT FINDINGS: We identified 11 JE cases in travelers that were published in peer-reviewed literature since 2009. JE incidence in endemic countries appears to be declining but the number of JE cases reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) varied from estimates derived from other published reports based on serosurveys or sentinel surveillance. Current JE vaccines appear to be safe and are not associated with delayed hypersensitivity in contrast to the older mouse brain vaccine. Given differences between WHO-reported cases and local surveillance data, future research on true incidence is needed. Regular assessment will inform JE risk in travelers. National and international guidelines on JE vaccination varied; we suggest areas for improvement.
Entities:
Keywords:
Epidemiology; Japanese encephalitis; Risk estimates; Travelers; Vaccination
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