Regulation of angiogenesis by microRNAs in cardiovascular diseases.

Non-coding RNAs are functional RNA molecules comprising the majority of human transcriptome. Only about 1.5% of the human genome is transcribed into messenger RNAs (mRNA) that are translated into proteins. Among the non-coding RNAs, miRNAs are extensively studied and miR targets in endothelial cells, perivascular cells, and angiogenic signaling are relatively well defined. MicroRNAs not only regulate transcripts in situ but also function as paracrine mediators in affecting angiogenesis at distant sites. Exosomal miRs are implicated in modulating endothelial cell function and angiogenesis. Thus miRs have been shown to affect tissue microenvironment in a multitude of ways. A comprehensive analysis of the role of miRs in modulation of angiogenesis and their impact on cardiovascular diseases is presented in this review.