Konstantinos C Siontis1,2, Xiaosong Zhang3, Ashley Eckard4, Nicole Bhave1, Douglas E Schaubel5, Kevin He4, Anca Tilea3, Austin G Stack6, Rajesh Balkrishnan7, Xiaoxi Yao8,9, Peter A Noseworthy8,10, Nilay D Shah8,9, Rajiv Saran3,4, Brahmajee K Nallamothu1,11. 1. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.C.S., N.B., B.K.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 2. Dr Siontis' current affiliation is the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. 3. Department of Internal Medicine (X.Z., A.T., R.S), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 4. Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center, School of Public Health (A.E., K.H., R.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 5. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (D.E.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 6. Department of Nephrology, Graduate Entry Medical School and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland (A.G.S.). 7. Section on Population Health and Prevention Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (R.B.). 8. Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery (X.Y., P.A.N., N.D.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. 9. Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Health Care Policy and Research (X.Y., N.D.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. 10. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.A.N.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. 11. Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation (B.K.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) on dialysis were excluded from clinical trials of direct oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation (AF). Recent data have raised concerns regarding the safety of dabigatran and rivaroxaban, but apixaban has not been evaluated despite current labeling supporting its use in this population. The goal of this study was to determine patterns of apixaban use and its associated outcomes in dialysis-dependent patients with ESKD and AF. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries included in the United States Renal Data System (October 2010 to December 2015). Eligible patients were those with ESKD and AF undergoing dialysis who initiated treatment with an oral anticoagulant. Because of the small number of dabigatran and rivaroxaban users, outcomes were only assessed in patients treated with apixaban or warfarin. Apixaban and warfarin patients were matched (1:3) based on prognostic score. Differences between groups in survival free of stroke or systemic embolism, major bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, intracranial bleeding, and death were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analyses. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were derived from Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 25 523 patients (45.7% women; 68.2±11.9 years of age), including 2351 patients on apixaban and 23 172 patients on warfarin. An annual increase in apixaban prescriptions was observed after its marketing approval at the end of 2012, such that 26.6% of new anticoagulant prescriptions in 2015 were for apixaban. In matched cohorts, there was no difference in the risks of stroke/systemic embolism between apixaban and warfarin (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.69-1.12; P=0.29), but apixaban was associated with a significantly lower risk of major bleeding (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59-0.87; P<0.001). In sensitivity analyses, standard-dose apixaban (5 mg twice a day; n=1034) was associated with significantly lower risks of stroke/systemic embolism and death as compared with either reduced-dose apixaban (2.5 mg twice a day; n=1317; HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.37-0.98; P=0.04 for stroke/systemic embolism; HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45-0.92; P=0.01 for death) or warfarin (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42-0.97; P=0.04 for stroke/systemic embolism; HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.46-0.85; P=0.003 for death). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with ESKD and AF on dialysis, apixaban use may be associated with a lower risk of major bleeding compared with warfarin, with a standard 5 mg twice a day dose also associated with reductions in thromboembolic and mortality risk.
BACKGROUND:Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) on dialysis were excluded from clinical trials of direct oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation (AF). Recent data have raised concerns regarding the safety of dabigatran and rivaroxaban, but apixaban has not been evaluated despite current labeling supporting its use in this population. The goal of this study was to determine patterns of apixaban use and its associated outcomes in dialysis-dependent patients with ESKD and AF. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries included in the United States Renal Data System (October 2010 to December 2015). Eligible patients were those with ESKD and AF undergoing dialysis who initiated treatment with an oral anticoagulant. Because of the small number of dabigatran and rivaroxaban users, outcomes were only assessed in patients treated with apixaban or warfarin. Apixaban and warfarinpatients were matched (1:3) based on prognostic score. Differences between groups in survival free of stroke or systemic embolism, major bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, intracranial bleeding, and death were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analyses. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were derived from Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 25 523 patients (45.7% women; 68.2±11.9 years of age), including 2351 patients on apixaban and 23 172 patients on warfarin. An annual increase in apixaban prescriptions was observed after its marketing approval at the end of 2012, such that 26.6% of new anticoagulant prescriptions in 2015 were for apixaban. In matched cohorts, there was no difference in the risks of stroke/systemic embolism between apixaban and warfarin (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.69-1.12; P=0.29), but apixaban was associated with a significantly lower risk of major bleeding (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59-0.87; P<0.001). In sensitivity analyses, standard-dose apixaban (5 mg twice a day; n=1034) was associated with significantly lower risks of stroke/systemic embolism and death as compared with either reduced-dose apixaban (2.5 mg twice a day; n=1317; HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.37-0.98; P=0.04 for stroke/systemic embolism; HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45-0.92; P=0.01 for death) or warfarin (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42-0.97; P=0.04 for stroke/systemic embolism; HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.46-0.85; P=0.003 for death). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with ESKD and AF on dialysis, apixaban use may be associated with a lower risk of major bleeding compared with warfarin, with a standard 5 mg twice a day dose also associated with reductions in thromboembolic and mortality risk.
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