Laure Bastide1, Benjamin Legros1, Nishi Rampal2, Emily J Gilmore2,3, Lawrence J Hirsch2, Nicolas Gaspard4,5. 1. Service de Neurologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium. 2. Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. 3. Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. 4. Service de Neurologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium. nicolas.gaspard@ulb.ac.be. 5. Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. nicolas.gaspard@ulb.ac.be.
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: The pathophysiological mechanisms of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) and related seizures remain poorly understood. The prevalence and clinical significance of nonconvulsive seizures (NCSz) and related epileptiform patterns during continuous electroencephalography monitoring (CEEG) in PRES have not been well described. OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence, characteristics and risk factors for NCSz and related highly epileptiform patterns in patients with PRES, and to determine their relation to imaging abnormalities and outcome. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: From a prospective CEEG database, we retrospectively identified patients with PRES and reviewed their medical charts. Based on CEEG findings, we designed a retrospective cohort study comparing two groups defined based on the presence or the absence of NCSz and/or periodic discharges (PDs). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The prevalence and risk factors for PDs and NCSz, description of EEG and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities and functional outcome as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at hospital discharge. RESULTS: Among 37 eligible patients, 23 (62%) had PDs or NCSz. The presence of NCSz was associated with the presence of PDs (15/22 vs. 1/15; p = 0.0002). NCSz and PDs were usually either lateralized or bilateral independent and predominated in the posterior regions. No clinical features were associated with the occurrence of PDs or NCSz. Cortical restricted diffusion on MRI was more frequent in the PDs/NCSz group (17/23 vs. 1/14; p < 0.001). PDs/NCSz were associated with worse outcome, with 3 deaths vs. 0 in the no PDs/NCSz group and fewer cases with low disability (4 vs. 9 cases with GOS = 5, p < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our results reveal a high prevalence of NCSz and PDs in critically ill patients with PRES and an association with restricted diffusion and worse outcome, whether treating or preventing these EEG findings can improve outcome requires further research.
IMPORTANCE: The pathophysiological mechanisms of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) and related seizures remain poorly understood. The prevalence and clinical significance of nonconvulsive seizures (NCSz) and related epileptiform patterns during continuous electroencephalography monitoring (CEEG) in PRES have not been well described. OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence, characteristics and risk factors for NCSz and related highly epileptiform patterns in patients with PRES, and to determine their relation to imaging abnormalities and outcome. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: From a prospective CEEG database, we retrospectively identified patients with PRES and reviewed their medical charts. Based on CEEG findings, we designed a retrospective cohort study comparing two groups defined based on the presence or the absence of NCSz and/or periodic discharges (PDs). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The prevalence and risk factors for PDs and NCSz, description of EEG and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities and functional outcome as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at hospital discharge. RESULTS: Among 37 eligible patients, 23 (62%) had PDs or NCSz. The presence of NCSz was associated with the presence of PDs (15/22 vs. 1/15; p = 0.0002). NCSz and PDs were usually either lateralized or bilateral independent and predominated in the posterior regions. No clinical features were associated with the occurrence of PDs or NCSz. Cortical restricted diffusion on MRI was more frequent in the PDs/NCSz group (17/23 vs. 1/14; p < 0.001). PDs/NCSz were associated with worse outcome, with 3 deaths vs. 0 in the no PDs/NCSz group and fewer cases with low disability (4 vs. 9 cases with GOS = 5, p < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our results reveal a high prevalence of NCSz and PDs in critically ill patients with PRES and an association with restricted diffusion and worse outcome, whether treating or preventing these EEG findings can improve outcome requires further research.
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