Single-Cell Proteomics for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Cancer immunotherapy fights against cancer by modulating the immune response and is delivering encouraging results in clinical treatments. However, it is challenging to achieve durable response in all cancer patients during treatment due to the diversity and dynamic nature of immune system as well as inter- and intratumor heterogeneity. A comprehensive assessment of system immunity and tumor microenvironment is crucial for effective and safe cancer therapy, which can potentially be resolved by single-cell proteomic analysis. Single-cell proteomic technologies enable system-wide profiling of protein levels in a number of single cells within the immune system and tumor microenvironment, and thereby provide direct assessment of the functional state of the immune cells and tumor-immune interaction that could be used to evaluate efficacy of immunotherapy and to improve clinical outcome. In this chapter, we summarized current single-cell proteomic technologies and their applications in cancer immunotherapy.