Chenshu Zhang1, Judith S Brook2, Carl G Leukefeld3, Mario De La Rosa4, David W Brook1. 1. Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Ave., 15th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA. 2. Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Ave., 15th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA. Electronic address: judith.brook@nyumc.org. 3. Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-9983, USA. 4. Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In this longitudinal study, we applied linear regression analyses to examine season of birth as related to symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in early midlife. METHOD: We gathered longitudinal data on a prospective cohort of community-dwelling men and women (N = 548) followed from adolescence to early midlife. FINDINGS: The findings indicate that, as compared with participants who were born in the summer, those who were born in the spring (Beta = 0.34; t-statistic = 3.59; p < 0.001) had significantly more ADHD symptoms. In addition, exposure to maternal cigarette smoking in adolescence significantly intensified (p < 0.01) the association between season of birth and ADHD symptoms in early midlife. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that exposure to greater maternal maladaptive behaviors, such as cigarette smoking, may result in a greater vulnerability to other environmental risk factors, such as season of birth.
OBJECTIVE: In this longitudinal study, we applied linear regression analyses to examine season of birth as related to symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in early midlife. METHOD: We gathered longitudinal data on a prospective cohort of community-dwelling men and women (N = 548) followed from adolescence to early midlife. FINDINGS: The findings indicate that, as compared with participants who were born in the summer, those who were born in the spring (Beta = 0.34; t-statistic = 3.59; p < 0.001) had significantly more ADHD symptoms. In addition, exposure to maternal cigarette smoking in adolescence significantly intensified (p < 0.01) the association between season of birth and ADHD symptoms in early midlife. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that exposure to greater maternal maladaptive behaviors, such as cigarette smoking, may result in a greater vulnerability to other environmental risk factors, such as season of birth.
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