How useful are geochemical and mineralogical indicators in assessing trace metal contamination and bioavailability in a post-restoration Mediterranean lagoon?

Tunis's Lake North (LNT), located on the Mediterranean Sea, and Tunisia's most important lagoon due to its economic value and its strategic position within the city, has recently undergone a vast sanitation project. To study the lagoon's level of metal pollution, three sediment cores were taken and the sediments were analyzed for trace and major elements, acid volatile sulfides (AVS), total organic carbon (TOC), and minerals. Results showed that TOC concentrations (0.2-3.1%) decreased following the lagoon's restoration. In addition, in comparison to historical data, concentrations of Cu (16-69.5 μg g-1), Zn (60.6-191.4 μg g-1), and Pb (13-100.9 μg g-1) also decreased. Enrichment factor calculation with respect to the crust and local background showed that the sediment had long been contaminated by human pollution and especially by Pb, Zn, and Cu. The AVS to simultaneously extracted metal (SEM) ratio revealed values generally less than 1 indicating no sediment toxicity risks. Statistics revealed a detrital origin for certain metals and a diagenetic origin for FeS2 and carbonate minerals.