Martina Totzauer1, Veronica Luque2, Joaquin Escribano2, Ricardo Closa-Monasterolo3, Elvira Verduci4, Alice ReDionigi4, Joana Hoyos5, Jean-Paul Langhendries6, Dariusz Gruszfeld7, Piotr Socha8, Berthold Koletzko1, Veit Grote1. 1. Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany. 2. Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. 3. Neonatal Unit, Hospital Joan XXIII, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain. 4. Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. 5. Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Queen Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. 6. CHC, St Vincent, Liège-Rocourt, Belgium. 7. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland. 8. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Eating Disorders, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lower protein (LP) versus higher protein (HP) content in infant formula on body composition from 3 months to 6 years. METHODS: In a multicenter, double-blind European trial, healthy infants (N = 1,090) were randomly assigned to different protein content formulas (upper [HP] and lower [LP] limits of the European Union regulations in 2001) during the first year; breastfed infants (N = 588) were recruited for reference values. Weight, height, and triceps and subscapular skinfold (SF) thickness were measured repeatedly (N = 650 at 6 years), and body composition was estimated (Slaughter). The 99th percentile of fat mass index reference data were used to assess excess body fat at 6 years. RESULTS: At 2 and 6 years, the study observed greater sum of SFs (Δ 2 years: 0.5 mm, P = 0.026, Δ 6 years: 0.6 mm, P = 0.045), fat mass index (Δ 2 years: 0.12 kg/m², P = 0.008, Δ 6 years: 0.15 kg/m², P = 0.011), and fat-free mass index (Δ 2 years: 0.17 kg/m², P = 0.003, Δ 6 years: 0.18 kg/m², P = 0.010) in the HP group compared with the LP group. At 6 years, the HP group had a twofold higher risk than the LP group for excess body fat (adjusted odds ratio: 2.13, P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Infant formula with HP levels induced greater fat mass in children from 2 to 6 years. Lowering the protein content of infant formula may result in a healthier body composition in early childhood.
RCT Entities:
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lower protein (LP) versus higher protein (HP) content in infant formula on body composition from 3 months to 6 years. METHODS: In a multicenter, double-blind European trial, healthy infants (N = 1,090) were randomly assigned to different protein content formulas (upper [HP] and lower [LP] limits of the European Union regulations in 2001) during the first year; breastfed infants (N = 588) were recruited for reference values. Weight, height, and triceps and subscapular skinfold (SF) thickness were measured repeatedly (N = 650 at 6 years), and body composition was estimated (Slaughter). The 99th percentile of fat mass index reference data were used to assess excess body fat at 6 years. RESULTS: At 2 and 6 years, the study observed greater sum of SFs (Δ 2 years: 0.5 mm, P = 0.026, Δ 6 years: 0.6 mm, P = 0.045), fat mass index (Δ 2 years: 0.12 kg/m², P = 0.008, Δ 6 years: 0.15 kg/m², P = 0.011), and fat-free mass index (Δ 2 years: 0.17 kg/m², P = 0.003, Δ 6 years: 0.18 kg/m², P = 0.010) in the HP group compared with the LP group. At 6 years, the HP group had a twofold higher risk than the LP group for excess body fat (adjusted odds ratio: 2.13, P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS:Infant formula with HP levels induced greater fat mass in children from 2 to 6 years. Lowering the protein content of infant formula may result in a healthier body composition in early childhood.
Authors: Berthold Koletzko; K M Godfrey; Lucilla Poston; Hania Szajewska; Johannes B van Goudoever; Marita de Waard; Brigitte Brands; Rosalie M Grivell; Andrea R Deussen; Jodie M Dodd; Bernadeta Patro-Golab; Bartlomiej M Zalewski Journal: Ann Nutr Metab Date: 2019-01-23 Impact factor: 3.374
Authors: Enza D'Auria; Barbara Borsani; Erica Pendezza; Alessandra Bosetti; Laura Paradiso; Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti; Elvira Verduci Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2020-10-29 Impact factor: 3.390