Silicon-rich amendments in rice paddies: Effects on arsenic uptake and biogeochemistry.

An emerging approach to limit rice uptake and grain As targets the shared root-uptake pathway between As(III) and Si. We amended rice paddy mesocosms with Si-rich rice residues (husk and husk char) or silicate fertilizer to evaluate the impact of different Si sources on rice uptake of Si and As including As speciation in grain under background soil As. For a systems-approach, we also measured plant biomass, rice yield, porewater chemistry, mesocosm-scale CH4 and CO2 fluxes, plant concentrations of nutrients and metals, and root Fe plaque mineralogy. Relative to the control, Si-rich amendments increased plant Si and proportion of ferrihydrite on root plaque, decreased root-to-shoot Mn transfer and As uptake, and shifted grain As from inorganic to organic As. The charred husk treatment, which resulted in the most Si accumulation in rice shoots, most decreased plant As and grain As. Husk treatment led to the highest CH4 emissions, but all treatments had lower CH4 emissions than has been reported for straw treatments. Collectively, Si-rich amendments performed similarly across several biogeochemical benchmarks, with charred husk best restricting plant As, suggesting these amendments can be used to reduce toxicity of As from rice grain while maintaining yield.