Pain in optic neuropathies.

Pain occurs with optic neuropathies associated with inflammatory central nervous system diseases (MS and NMO), idiopathic intracranial hypertension and spontaneous hypotension, giant cell arteritis, immunomediated systemic diseases, compressive lesions, or infective disorders. Pain can precede the onset of visual loss in acute optic neuritis, it can be irradiated to the orbital region in giant cell arteritis and parasellar compressive optic neuropathies, or it may be located to the back of the eye with posterior scleritis. History of symptoms together with complete neuro-ophthalmological examination must guide the differential diagnosis and neuroimaging. Painful visual loss due to different pathophysiological mechanisms requires specific treatment and prognosis.