From vine to wine: Data on 87Sr/86Sr from rocks and soils as a geologic and pedologic characterisation of vineyards.

This data article describes the soils characterisation, bedrock geochemical composition and descriptive statistics of 87Sr/86Sr in wines, grape saps, labile fractions of soils (bio-available), whole soils, and bedrocks used to explore the Sr isotope conservation from rocks and soils to vine and wine. These data also describe the reproducibility of the isotopic composition of wine over four harvest years (2008-2011) on 11 selected experimental parcels (sampling point). The data reported in this paper are related to the research article (Braschi et al., 2018) [1].

Specifications Table

Value of the Data

These data are critical in describing the reproducibility of the isotopic composition of wine over four harvest years (2008–2011).

The data are important for monitoring the micro-scale 87Sr/86Sr variation among wines deriving from single rows, growth on different soil and/or bedrock.

The data will contribute to better understanding the application of Sr-isotopes as geographic tracer for agricultural products.

The data show the relationship occurring between the 87Sr/86Sr of wines and that derived by the labile fraction of the soil.

Data

This dataset is composed by 11 selected vine-plants sites over a period of 4 harvest years (when available), 5 samples of grapevine sap, 11 samples of whole soil, 8 soil-extracted labile fractions (bio-available component) and 12 selected bedrock samples. All the samples were fully characterised using pedologic and geochemical methods. Micro-vinification samples, soils and saps were also treated using descriptive statistical analyses. For a detailed description of the data and full discussion of them see [1].

Experimental design, materials, and methods

Soil description and characterisation

At the site of each sampling point about 3–5 kg of soil were collected for the soil description and characterisation at the CREA laboratories in Florence. Soil texture was determined in the laboratory through the sieve and pipet methods. CaCO3 content was determined measuring volumetrically the CO2 gas produced (Table 1); [7] by the addition of HCl in a Dietrich-Fruhling calcimeter. The active CaCO3, which is the more active fraction easily dissolving and precipitating was analysed with a solution of CH3COONH4. Soil organic carbon content was determined by using the Walkley–Black procedure; pH and electrical conductivity were measured in a 1:2.5 (w w-1) water suspension; cation exchange capacity (CEC) was measured by use of 1 M CH3COONa solution at pH 7.0; exchangeable bases were extracted with 1 M CH3COONH4 solution at pH 7.0 and measured by flame photometry (Na, K, and Ca) and atomic absorption spectrometry (Mg); Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were measured in the solution with diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) at pH 7.3, according to the method of [2].

According to the WRB classification system [3] six soil typologies were recognised (See Table 1). Torricella soil is a Skeletic Calcaric Cambisol (Clayic) formed on marly-calcareous flysches (profiles BRO1 and BRO2), very rich in coarse irregular gravel and calcium carbonate (25–27 wt%). The soil is loamy-clayey and it has an organic matter content of 1.4–2.3 vol.% in the Ap horizons.

Leccio1 soil, an Abruptic Eutric Luvisol (Loamic) and Leccio2 soil, a Calcaric Cambisol (Arenic), were both situated on marine sands and conglomerates (profiles BRO9 and BRO10 for Leccio1, BRO11 and BRO12 for Leccio2). Leccio1 is a rather preserved soil and it is placed on stable surfaces or in impluvia. Sometimes it buries an older soil developed on the Tertiary flysch. It is reddish colored, deep, with sandy-clay loamy texture, and common medium and fine gravels. It has scarce calcium carbonate (0.5–4.5 wt.%) and exchangeable potassium (48–143 mg kg−1). The soil has a good drainage and a medium AWC (120–130 mm m−1). Leccio2 is the most eroded soil on the marine sands, brownish in colour, poorly structured or loose, loamy sandy textured and with variable gravel content. The drainage is excessive and the AWC is low (90–110 mm m−1). The calcium carbonate is moderate (5–15 wt.%) and the organic matter is low (0.4–1.1 wt.% in the Ap horizon).

Miniera soil, Endogleyic Stagnosol (Eutric, Clayic), is formed on marine clays. The reference profiles (BRO5 and BRO13) were classified as Stagnic Calcaric Cambisol (Clayic) and Cambic Calcisol (Clayic, Stagnic, Ruptic). It is a brownish-grey soil, poorly structured, clayey (about 45–50 wt.% of clay), sometimes with lignite residues and gypsum crystals in the parent material. The calcium carbonate content is very variable and sometimes a calcic horizon occurs. The soil shows many redoxymorphic features, due to scarce internal drainage, and the AWC is moderately high (130–150 mm*m−1).

Nebbiano soil, a Chromic Cambisol (Loamic), is formed on the sandy loamy fluvio-lacustrine deposits with gravels lenses (profiles BRO4 and BRO6). It is another preserved reddish paleosol, deep, moderately structured and with loamy or fine loamy texture. It has a scarce content of calcium carbonate (1–3 wt.%), moderate organic matter (1.2–1.7 wt.% in the Ap), low exchangeable potassium (50–140 mg kg−1). It is well drained and the AWC is moderate (110–125 mm*m−1).

Santa Lucia soil, a Stagnic Calcaric Cambisol (Clayic) is formed on the relatively more recent Plio-Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine clays (profile BRO8). It is a brown soil, loamy-clay textured, moderately structured, showing sometimes ferric nodules or a petroferric horizon in depth (about 1–1.5 m deep). This soil is usually poorly gravelly, plastic and with a firm consistency when dried. The calcium carbonate is moderate (4–12 wt.%) and the organic matter is scarce (1–1.2 wt.% in the Ap horizon). The soil is somewhat poorly drained and has moderately high AWC (130–150 mm*m−1).

Bedrock geochemical characterisation

The 12 samples of bedrock were grinded and powdered as usually implies for geologic rock samples.

For these samples major and trace element contents were determined through ICP-MS at the Activation Laboratories Ltd. (Ontario, Canada). Data are reported in Table 2. Figures of data agree with analytical precision.

Wine, soil and sap isotopic composition

The chemical procedure followed to purify the Sr fraction from the organic matrix in wines is the same described in [4], which generally provides the mineralisation of the organic matter through sequential additions of concentrated H2O2 and HNO3. Once the organics are completely turned into inorganic matter, the samples were purified to chemically separate the Sr fraction through chromatographic methods [4]. All the measurements of the 87Sr/86Sr ratios were performed through thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) using a Thermofinningan Triton TI® at the Radiogenic Isotopes Laboratories at the Università degli Studi di Firenze, using the dynamic mode following the analytical procedure of [5].

Each harvest point is represented by the grape deriving from three different adjacent vine rows, respectively micro-vinificated in controlled laboratory conditions. The micro-vinification procedure was chosen in order to achieve deep control of the boundary condition of the winemaking process.

The data reported in Table 3, thus represent the average values of each measurement (made of 120 cycles) for the three different rows, over the four harvest years.

For the soil samples, both the bulk and the leached (i.e., labile fraction) 87Sr/86Sr compositions were analysed (data reported in Table 3). Bulk soil analyses were performed following the chemical procedure of [5] commonly used for rocks digestion, whereas the labile fractions were collected through UNIBEST® exchange resins, designed to reproduce the up-take of the plant roots from the soil following the procedure described in [6].

The grapevine saps were processed using the same chemical procedure of the wines [4], due to their similar organic matrix. Data are reported in Table 3.

Subject area	Geology, Geochemistry, Pedology
More specific subject area	Micro-vinification, geologic traceability, Sr-isotopes, Chianti wine
Type of data	Text file and Tables
How data was acquired	Field: vineyard surveys (grape, sap, soil and bedrock); laboratory measurements: major and trace elements through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on bedrock, isotopic composition through thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) on wine, sap, soil and bedrock, soil characterisation through calcimeter method
Data format	Analyses
Experimental factors	Micro-vinification winemaking technique on grapes
Experimental features	Pedologic classification of soils and chemical purification of the Sr
Data source location	Castle of Brolio “Barone Ricasoli” winery (Gaiole in Chianti, Siena, Italy)
Data accessibility	All data are presented in this article
Related research article	Eleonora Braschi, Sara Marchionni, Simone Priori, Martina Casalini, Simone Tommasini, Laura Natarelli, Antonella Buccianti, Pierluigi Bucelli, Edoardo A.C. Costantini, and Sandro Conticelli. (2018) Tracing the87Sr/86Sr from rocks and soils to vine and wine: an experimental study on geologic and pedologic characterisation of vineyards using radiogenic isotope of heavy elements