Nathan Kuppermann1, Simona Ghetti1, Jeff E Schunk1, Michael J Stoner1, Arleta Rewers1, Julie K McManemy1, Sage R Myers1, Lise E Nigrovic1, Aris Garro1, Kathleen M Brown1, Kimberly S Quayle1, Jennifer L Trainor1, Leah Tzimenatos1, Jonathan E Bennett1, Andrew D DePiero1, Maria Y Kwok1, Clinton S Perry1, Cody S Olsen1, T Charles Casper1, J Michael Dean1, Nicole S Glaser1. 1. From the Departments of Emergency Medicine (N.K., L.T.), Pediatrics (N.K., N.S.G.), and Psychology (S.G., C.S.P.), University of California Davis Health, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J.E.S., C.S.O., T.C.C., J.M.D.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.J.S.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Colorado Children's Hospital, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora (A.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.K.M.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (S.R.M.), and the Division of Emergency Medicine, Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (J.E.B., A.D.D.) - both in Philadelphia; the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.E.N.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence (A.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.M.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (K.S.Q.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J.L.T.); and the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.Y.K.); and the Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA (C.S.P.).
Abstract
BACKGROUND:Diabetic ketoacidosis in children may cause brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. Whether intravenous fluids contribute to these injuries has been debated for decades. METHODS: We conducted a 13-center, randomized, controlled trial that examined the effects of the rate of administration and the sodium chloride content of intravenous fluids on neurologic outcomes in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. Children were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups in a 2-by-2 factorial design (0.9% or 0.45% sodium chloride content and rapid or slow rate of administration). The primary outcome was a decline in mental status (two consecutive Glasgow Coma Scale scores of <14, on a scale ranging from 3 to 15, with lower scores indicating worse mental status) during treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis. Secondary outcomes included clinically apparent brain injury during treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis, short-term memory during treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis, and memory and IQ 2 to 6 months after recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis. RESULTS: A total of 1389 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis were reported in 1255 children. The Glasgow Coma Scale score declined to less than 14 in 48 episodes (3.5%), and clinically apparent brain injury occurred in 12 episodes (0.9%). No significant differences among the treatment groups were observed with respect to the percentage of episodes in which the Glasgow Coma Scale score declined to below 14, the magnitude of decline in the Glasgow Coma Scale score, or the duration of time in which the Glasgow Coma Scale score was less than 14; with respect to the results of the tests of short-term memory; or with respect to the incidence of clinically apparent brain injury during treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis. Memory and IQ scores obtained after the children's recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis also did not differ significantly among the groups. Serious adverse events other than altered mental status were rare and occurred with similar frequency in all treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Neither the rate of administration nor the sodium chloride content of intravenous fluids significantly influenced neurologic outcomes in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. (Funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the Health Resources and Services Administration; PECARN DKA FLUID ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00629707 .).
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND:Diabetic ketoacidosis in children may cause brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. Whether intravenous fluids contribute to these injuries has been debated for decades. METHODS: We conducted a 13-center, randomized, controlled trial that examined the effects of the rate of administration and the sodium chloride content of intravenous fluids on neurologic outcomes in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. Children were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups in a 2-by-2 factorial design (0.9% or 0.45% sodium chloride content and rapid or slow rate of administration). The primary outcome was a decline in mental status (two consecutive Glasgow Coma Scale scores of <14, on a scale ranging from 3 to 15, with lower scores indicating worse mental status) during treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis. Secondary outcomes included clinically apparent brain injury during treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis, short-term memory during treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis, and memory and IQ 2 to 6 months after recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis. RESULTS: A total of 1389 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis were reported in 1255 children. The Glasgow Coma Scale score declined to less than 14 in 48 episodes (3.5%), and clinically apparent brain injury occurred in 12 episodes (0.9%). No significant differences among the treatment groups were observed with respect to the percentage of episodes in which the Glasgow Coma Scale score declined to below 14, the magnitude of decline in the Glasgow Coma Scale score, or the duration of time in which the Glasgow Coma Scale score was less than 14; with respect to the results of the tests of short-term memory; or with respect to the incidence of clinically apparent brain injury during treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis. Memory and IQ scores obtained after the children's recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis also did not differ significantly among the groups. Serious adverse events other than altered mental status were rare and occurred with similar frequency in all treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Neither the rate of administration nor the sodium chloride content of intravenous fluids significantly influenced neurologic outcomes in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. (Funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the Health Resources and Services Administration; PECARN DKA FLUID ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00629707 .).
Authors: Alejandro F Siller; Heather Lugar; Jerrel Rutlin; Jonathan M Koller; Katherine Semenkovich; Neil H White; Ana Maria Arbelaez; Joshua Shimony; Tamara Hershey Journal: Pediatr Diabetes Date: 2016-08-02 Impact factor: 4.866
Authors: Tatsushi Omatsu; Gediminas Cepinskas; Cheril Clarson; Eric K Patterson; Ibrahim M Alharfi; Kelly Summers; Pierre-Olivier Couraud; Ignacio A Romero; Babette Weksler; Douglas D Fraser Journal: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab Date: 2014-03-11 Impact factor: 4.310
Authors: Nicole S Glaser; Sandra L Wootton-Gorges; James P Marcin; Michael H Buonocore; Joseph Dicarlo; E Kirk Neely; Patrick Barnes; Jenny Bottomly; Nathan Kuppermann Journal: J Pediatr Date: 2004-08 Impact factor: 4.406
Authors: Andrew DePiero; Nathan Kuppermann; Kathleen M Brown; Jeff E Schunk; Julie K McManemy; Arleta Rewers; Michael J Stoner; Leah Tzimenatos; Aris Garro; Sage R Myers; Kimberly S Quayle; Jennifer L Trainor; Maria Y Kwok; Lise E Nigrovic; Cody S Olsen; T Charles Casper; Simona Ghetti; Nicole S Glaser Journal: J Pediatr Date: 2020-05-06 Impact factor: 4.406
Authors: Simona Ghetti; Nathan Kuppermann; Arleta Rewers; Sage R Myers; Jeff E Schunk; Michael J Stoner; Aris Garro; Kimberly S Quayle; Kathleen M Brown; Jennifer L Trainor; Leah Tzimenatos; Andrew D DePiero; Julie K McManemy; Lise E Nigrovic; Maria Y Kwok; Clinton S Perry; Cody S Olsen; T Charles Casper; Nicole S Glaser Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2020-09-22 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Kenneth A Michelson; Arianna H Dart; Richard G Bachur; Prashant Mahajan; Jonathan A Finkelstein Journal: Health Serv Res Date: 2020-12-29 Impact factor: 3.402
Authors: Arleta Rewers; Nathan Kuppermann; Michael J Stoner; Aris Garro; Jonathan E Bennett; Kimberly S Quayle; Jeffrey E Schunk; Sage R Myers; Julie K McManemy; Lise E Nigrovic; Jennifer L Trainor; Leah Tzimenatos; Maria Y Kwok; Kathleen M Brown; Cody S Olsen; T Charles Casper; Simona Ghetti; Nicole S Glaser Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2021-06-29 Impact factor: 17.152