"Assessing the potential of biochar and aged biochar to alleviate aluminum toxicity in an acid soil for achieving cabbage productivity".

Biochar has a significant effect on alleviating acid soil aluminum (Al) toxicity and promoting plant growth. The potential effects of aged biochar (long-term applied biochar in soil) on soil amendment have attracted increasing attention. Here, the effects of biochar and aged biochar were evaluated through a pot experiment. The seedlings of cabbage were grown in red soil for 45 days with the following four biochar treatments: CK (0% biochar), PB (2% primary biochar), WB (2% water washed biochar) and AB (2% acidulated biochar) to investigate the potential effect of biochar and aged biochar on mitigating red soil aluminum toxicity and improving cabbage growth. Results indicated that biochar increased the content of available potassium, available phosphorus, and organic carbon in red soil and improved cabbage growth. Biochar not only increased the pH of red soil by 0.42 units, but also reduced exchangeable acid and exchangeable hydrogen (H+) content by 52.74% and 2.86% respectively compared with CK. Additionally, the amount of the total active aluminum and exchangeable Al3+ were reduced by 26.74% and 66.09%, respectively. However, water washed biochar and acidulated biochar decreased the effect of relieving the acidity substantially as compared to the primary biochar. Moreover, acidulated biochar treatment increased the Al3+ content by 8.07% and trend of increasing soil available nutrients was declined with aged biochar. Taken together, it is concluded that biochar can reduce aluminum toxicity by increasing pH of acid soil and available nutrients, thus improves cabbage growth. However, aged biochar had a negative effect on aluminum toxicity reduction and acidic soil improvement, thus inhibited plant growth.