Effects of ketamine on the fetal transcriptomic response to umbilical cord occlusion: comparison with hypoxic hypoxia in the cerebral cortex.

KEY POINTS: The cerebral response to fetal asphyxia is characterized by an upregulation of nucleic acid and chromatin modification processes, as well as a downregulation of metabolic processes at 1 h post-umbilical cord occlusion (UCO). Twenty-four hours post UCO, there was an upregulation of metabolic processes and protein modifications. UCO did not alter bacterial gene expression levels, nor did it produce a robust inflammatory response compared to maternal hypoxia. The administration of ketamine produced minimal effects on the fetal response to UCO in the cerebral cortex. ABSTRACT: Umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) is known to cause neurological disorders in the neonate. Previously, we have reported that hypoxic hypoxia (HH) stimulates the appearance of bacteria in the fetal brain and upregulates the expression of inflammatory markers in fetal cerebral cortex (CTX) and also that ketamine attenuates these responses. In the present study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that UCO, similar to HH, produces an inflammatory response in the fetal CTX and also that treatment with ketamine reduces these effects. In chronically instrumented fetal sheep (∼125 days), 30 min of partial UCO decreased fetal P a O 2 levels by ∼50%. Half of the fetuses received ketamine (3 mg kg-1 ) 10 min prior to UCO (n = 4 per group). Fetal brains were collected 1 and 24 h after the experiment and mRNA was extracted and hybridized for microarray analyses. Differentially-expressed genes were analysed for significant association with gene ontologies and pathways. After 1 h, UCO upregulated nucleic acid processing and chromatin modification and downregulated metabolic processes compared to control. After 24 h, UCO upregulated metabolic and protein modification processes. Ketamine produced minimal effects. UCO did not alter the abundance of bacterial DNA in fetal brain, nor did it upregulate inflammation pathways compared to HH. We conclude that UCO produced time-dependent responses that did not include bacterial invasion or upregulation of inflammation pathways in fetal CTX. This contrasts with the response to HH, which resulted in the appearance of bacteria in the CTX and upregulated inflammation pathways. These responses in fetal CTX to oxygen deprivation are therefore modified by the maternal or placental response to the stimulus.