Yul Hwangbo1, Danbee Kang2,3, Minwoong Kang3, Saemina Kim3, Eun Kyung Lee1, Young Ae Kim4, Yoon Jung Chang4,5, Kui Son Choi5,6, So-Youn Jung7, Sang Myung Woo8, Jin Seok Ahn9, Sung Hoon Sim7, Yun Soo Hong10, Roberto Pastor-Barriuso11, Eliseo Guallar2,3,10, Eun Sook Lee5,6,7, Sun-Young Kong5,12, Juhee Cho2,3,10. 1. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea. 2. Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea. 3. Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. 4. National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea. 5. Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea. 6. Translational Epidemiology Research Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea. 7. Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea. 8. Center for Liver Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea. 9. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. 10. Department of Epidemiology, and Welch Center for Epidemiology, Prevention, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. 11. National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. 12. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea.
Abstract
Importance: Diabetes is an established risk factor for developing cancer. A limited body of evidence also suggests that cancer can increase the risk of developing new cases of diabetes, but the evidence is inconclusive. Objective: To evaluate whether the development of cancer is associated with increasing risk of subsequent diabetes. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included a nationally representative sample of the Korean general population observed for up to 10 years (January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2013). A total of 524 089 men and women 20 to 70 years of age without diabetes and with no history of cancer at baseline were included. Exposures: Incident cancer (time-varying exposure). Main Outcomes and Measures: Incident type 2 diabetes using insurance claim codes. Results: During 3 492 935.6 person-years of follow-up (median follow-up, 7.0 years) in 494 189 individuals (50.0% female; mean [SD] age, 41.8 [12.5] years), 15 130 participants developed cancer and 26 610 participants developed diabetes. After adjustment for age, sex, precancer diabetes risk factors, metabolic factors, and comorbidities, the hazard ratio (HR) for diabetes associated with cancer development was 1.35 (95% CI, 1.26-1.45; P < .001). The excess risk for diabetes was highest in the first 2 years after cancer diagnosis, but it remained elevated throughout follow-up. By cancer type, development of pancreatic (HR, 5.15; 95% CI, 3.32-7.99), kidney (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.34-3.16), liver (HR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.50-2.54), gallbladder (HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.08-2.98), lung (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.34-2.24), blood (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.07-2.43), breast (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.27-2.01), stomach (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.16-1.58), and thyroid cancer (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.12-1.59) was associated with a significantly increased risk of diabetes. Conclusions and Relevance: In this large Korean cohort, cancer development increased the risk of subsequent diabetes. These data provide evidence that cancer is associated with an increased risk of diabetes in cancer survivors independent of traditional diabetes risk factors. Physicians should remember that patients with cancer develop other clinical problems, such as diabetes, with higher frequency than individuals without cancer, and should consider routine diabetes screening in these patients.
Importance: Diabetes is an established risk factor for developing cancer. A limited body of evidence also suggests that cancer can increase the risk of developing new cases of diabetes, but the evidence is inconclusive. Objective: To evaluate whether the development of cancer is associated with increasing risk of subsequent diabetes. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included a nationally representative sample of the Korean general population observed for up to 10 years (January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2013). A total of 524 089 men and women 20 to 70 years of age without diabetes and with no history of cancer at baseline were included. Exposures: Incident cancer (time-varying exposure). Main Outcomes and Measures: Incident type 2 diabetes using insurance claim codes. Results: During 3 492 935.6 person-years of follow-up (median follow-up, 7.0 years) in 494 189 individuals (50.0% female; mean [SD] age, 41.8 [12.5] years), 15 130 participants developed cancer and 26 610 participants developed diabetes. After adjustment for age, sex, precancer diabetes risk factors, metabolic factors, and comorbidities, the hazard ratio (HR) for diabetes associated with cancer development was 1.35 (95% CI, 1.26-1.45; P < .001). The excess risk for diabetes was highest in the first 2 years after cancer diagnosis, but it remained elevated throughout follow-up. By cancer type, development of pancreatic (HR, 5.15; 95% CI, 3.32-7.99), kidney (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.34-3.16), liver (HR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.50-2.54), gallbladder (HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.08-2.98), lung (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.34-2.24), blood (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.07-2.43), breast (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.27-2.01), stomach (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.16-1.58), and thyroid cancer (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.12-1.59) was associated with a significantly increased risk of diabetes. Conclusions and Relevance: In this large Korean cohort, cancer development increased the risk of subsequent diabetes. These data provide evidence that cancer is associated with an increased risk of diabetes in cancer survivors independent of traditional diabetes risk factors. Physicians should remember that patients with cancer develop other clinical problems, such as diabetes, with higher frequency than individuals without cancer, and should consider routine diabetes screening in these patients.
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