Impacts of isopyrazam exposure on the development of early-life zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Isopyrazam (IPZ) is a broad spectrum succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide. Little is known about its potential ecological risks of aquatic organisms recently. The present study examined the embryonic development effects of zebrafish exposed to IPZ under static condition using a fish embryo toxicity test. The lowest observed effect concentration of IPZ was 0.025 mg/L in 4-day exposure. Developmental abnormalities, including edema, small head deformity, body deformation and decreased pigmentation, and mortality were observed in zebrafish embryos of 0.05 mg/L and higher concentrations, which shown concentration dependency. The heart rate of zebrafish was disrupted by IPZ. Moreover, enzyme and gene experiments shown that IPZ exposure caused oxidative stress of zebrafish. Furthermore, it induced a decrease of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme activity and gene transcription level in zebrafish larvae. It can be speculated that IPZ may have a lethal effect on zebrafish, which is accompanied by decreased SDH activity, oxidative stress, and abnormality. These results provide toxicological data about the IPZ on aquatic non-target organisms, which could be useful for further understanding potential environmental risks.