J Scott Gabrielsen1,2, Dolores J Lamb3,4, Larry I Lipshultz5,6. 1. Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 6624 Fannin St, Suite 1700, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. j.scott.gabrielsen@gmail.com. 2. Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. j.scott.gabrielsen@gmail.com. 3. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. 4. Departments of Urology and Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 525 East 68th Street 9th Floor, Rm 902, New York, NY, 10065-4870, USA. 5. Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 6624 Fannin St, Suite 1700, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. 6. Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss the physiologic and pathologic effects of iron on men's reproductive health. RECENT FINDINGS: Iron overload diseases are associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, infertility, and sexual dysfunction in men. Recent findings have elucidated the roles by which iron may affect the male reproductive axis. Iron is requisite for life. Iron can also catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species. To maintain balance, the human body tightly regulates dietary iron absorption. Severe iron overload disorders-e.g., hereditary hemochromatosis and β-thalassemia-occur when these regulatory mechanisms are deficient. While iron is necessary, the male reproductive system is particularly sensitive to iron overload. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, infertility, and sexual dysfunction commonly occur if excess iron from iron overload disorders is not removed. The average male in the USA consumes significantly more iron than needed to replace daily losses. How this degree of iron loading may affect one's reproductive health remains less clear, but there is evidence it may have adverse effects.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss the physiologic and pathologic effects of iron on men's reproductive health. RECENT FINDINGS:Iron overload diseases are associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, infertility, and sexual dysfunction in men. Recent findings have elucidated the roles by which iron may affect the male reproductive axis. Iron is requisite for life. Iron can also catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species. To maintain balance, the human body tightly regulates dietary iron absorption. Severe iron overload disorders-e.g., hereditary hemochromatosis and β-thalassemia-occur when these regulatory mechanisms are deficient. While iron is necessary, the male reproductive system is particularly sensitive to iron overload. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, infertility, and sexual dysfunction commonly occur if excess iron from iron overload disorders is not removed. The average male in the USA consumes significantly more iron than needed to replace daily losses. How this degree of iron loading may affect one's reproductive health remains less clear, but there is evidence it may have adverse effects.
Entities:
Keywords:
Anejaculation; Erectile dysfunction; Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; Iron overload; Male infertility; Oxidative stress
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