Identification of the binding site on cytochrome c1 for cytochrome c.

The reagent 1-ethyl-3-(3-[14C]trimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (ETC) was used to identify specific carboxyl groups on the cytochrome bc1 complex (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, EC 1.10.2.2) involved in binding cytochrome c. Treatment of the cytochrome bc1 complex with 2 mM ETC led to inhibition of the electron transfer activity with cytochrome c. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that both the cytochrome c1 heme peptide and the Mr = 9175 "hinge" peptide were radiolabeled by ETC. In addition, a new band appeared at a position consistent with a 1:1 cross-linked cytochrome c1-hinge peptide species. Treatment of a 1:1 cytochrome bc1-cytochrome c complex with ETC led to the same inhibition of electron transfer activity observed with the uncomplexed cytochrome bc1, but to decreased radiolabeling of the cytochrome c1 heme peptide. Two new cross-linked species corresponding to cytochrome c-hinge peptide and cytochrome c-cytochrome c1 were formed in place of the cytochrome c1-hinge peptide species. In order to identify the specific carboxyl groups labeled by ETC, a purified cytochrome c1 preparation containing both the heme peptide and the hinge peptide was dimethylated at all the lysines to prevent internal cross-linking. The methylated cytochrome c1 preparation was treated with ETC and digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin, and the resulting peptides were separated by high pressure liquid chromatography. ETC was found to label the cytochrome c1 peptides 63-81, 121-128, and 153-179 and the hinge peptides 1-17 and 48-65. All of these peptides are highly acidic and contain one or more regions of adjacent carboxyl groups. The only peptide consistently protected from labeling by cytochrome c binding was 63-81, demonstrating that the carboxyl groups at residues 66, 67, 76, and 77 are involved in binding cytochrome c. These residues are relatively close to the heme-binding cysteine residues 37 and 40 and indicate a possible site for electron transfer from cytochrome c1 to cytochrome c.