Hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions in two new crystalline phases of methyl-ene blue.

Two unprecedented solid phases involving the 3,7-bis-(di-methyl-amino)-pheno-thia-zin-5-ium cation, i.e. methyl-ene blue (MB+ ), have been obtained and structurally characterized. In the crystals of 3,7-bis-(di-methyl-amino)-pheno-thia-zin-5-ium chloride dihydrate, C16H18N3S+·Cl-·2H2O (I) and 3,7-bis-(di-methyl-amino)-pheno-thia-zinium bis-ulfite, C16H18N3S+·HSO4- (II), the cationic dye mol-ecules are planar and disposed in an anti-parallel mode, showing π-π stacking inter-actions, with mean inter-planar distances of 3.326 (4) and 3.550 (3) Å in (I) and (II), respectively. In compound (I), whose phase was found affected by merohedral twinning [BASF = 0.185 (3)], the presence of water mol-ecules allows a network of hydrogen bonds involving MB+ as both a donor and an acceptor, whereas in compound (II), the homo-inter-action of the anions causes an effective absence of classical hydrogen-bond donors. This substantial difference has important consequences for the stacking geometry and supra-molecular inter-actions of the MB+ cations, which are analysed by Hirshfeld fingerprint plots and subsequently discussed.

Chemical context

The 3,7-bis­(di­methyl­amino)­pheno­thia­zin-5-ium ion, better known as methyl­ene blue cation (MB), is a renowned compound with important applications in medicine (Hanzlik, 1933 ▸; Wendel, 1935 ▸; Wischik et al., 1996 ▸), biology (Jung & Metzger, 2013 ▸; Färber et al., 1998 ▸) and chemistry (Bergamonti et al., 2015 ▸; Kim et al., 2014 ▸). n class="Chemical">MB, with formula C16H18N3S+, consists of three condensed six-membered rings with two heteroatoms in the central one, and two terminal di­methyl­amine groups. The delocalization of the +1 charge, which involves the whole mol­ecule with the exception of the four peripheral methyl groups, causes an overall planarity and the typical intense blue colour exhibited by MB solutions in many solvents. The formal resonant structures are shown in the Scheme.

The MB n class="Chemical">chloride salt is the first fully synthetic drug to be used in medicine, originally as an anti­malarial agent (Coulibaly et al., 2009 ▸), an anti­depressant (Eroğlu & Çağlayan, 1997 ▸), an anti­hemoglobinemic (Cawein et al., 1964 ▸) and as a disinfectant (Lo et al., 2014 ▸). In chemistry, it has various colourimetric and photocatalytic uses (Hang & Brindley, 1970 ▸; Kim et al., 2014 ▸; Bergamonti et al., 2015 ▸), which rely on its capability of undergoing a reduction process in the presence of weak reducing agents, turning into the colourless leuko­methyl­ene blue. The latter, in turn, can be oxidized to restore the original MB cation, and this feature makes it a valid redox agent in biochemistry where it plays relevant roles in the study of enzyme-catalysed redox reactions. Recently, despite the cationic nature of MB, we found that its peculiar electronic situation enables ligand behaviour towards MCl2 fragments (M = Cu and Ag) through the central aromatic nitro­gen atom (Canossa et al., 2017 ▸), thus proving that some properties of this common and widespread mol­ecule are still to be discovered.

Commercial MB is a penta­hydrate n class="Chemical">chloride salt, whose structure was reported in 1973 (Marr et al., 1973 ▸). Recently, Rager et al. (2012 ▸) reinvestigated its crystalline states at variable temperatures, which led to the observation of five different hydrates with clearly distinct structures, as shown by powder X-ray diffraction analyses. However, no structural data are available and, to date, only the structure of the commercial penta­hydrate form is known. Herein, we report and discuss the mol­ecular and crystal structures of the unreported dihydrate phase of MB chloride (I), one of those predicted by Rager et al. (2012 ▸), and the crystal structure of a new anhydrous form of MB+ bis­ulfite (II).

Structural commentary

The mol­ecular structures of compounds (I) and (II) are illus­trated in Figs. 1 ▸ and 2 ▸, respectively. Details of the n class="Chemical">hydrogen bonding in the crystals of compounds (I) and (II) are given in Tables 1 ▸ and 2 ▸, respectively. In compound (I), the asymmetric unit is composed of one MB cation, a chloride anion, and two water mol­ecules. The latter are linked head-to-tail by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds which, in turn, are linked by O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along [001], as shown in Fig. 1 ▸ (see also Table 1 ▸). The asymmetric unit of compound (II) consists of an MB cation and a bis­ulfite anion. In both compounds, the MB cations display a typical resonance structure, as evidenced by the values of the C—C bond lengths in the rings, which range from 1.352 (3) to 1.447 (5) Å. This bond-length distribution range is the same as that observed in other reported structures containing MB cations, for example, as for its chloride penta­hydrate form (Marr et al., 1973 ▸). The two C—S bond lengths, S1—C7 and S1—C9 [respectively, 1.731 (4) and 1.734 (4) Å in (I) and 1.732 (2) and 1.727 (2) Å in (II)], are very similar and in agreement with analogous data reported in the literature. The MB cations are planar considering the three condensed six-membered rings [atoms S1/N1/C3–C14; r.m.s. deviations are 0.011 Å for (I) and 0.01 Å for (II)] and the external di­methyl­amine groups, with the only exception being the aliphatic hydrogen atoms. In compound (II), one of the four S—O bond lengths of the bis­ulfite anion [S2—O1 = 1.575 (3) Å] is longer than the other three, which vary from 1.439 (2) to 1.468 (2) Å, thus confirming the identity of the OH group in this anion. The anions are linked by a pair of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming an inversion dimer (Fig. 2 ▸ and Table 2 ▸).

Figure 1

The mol­ecular structure of compound (I), with the atom labelling. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines (see Table 1 ▸).

Figure 2

The mol­ecular structure of compound (II), with the atom labelling. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines (see Table 2 ▸).

Table 1

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) for (I)

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
O1—H1D⋯..Cl1	0.87	2.30	3.153 (4)	168
O1—H1E⋯..N1	0.87	2.07	2.936 (4)	177
O2—H2D⋯..O1	0.87	1.97	2.837 (6)	174
O2—H2E⋯..Cl1i	0.87	2.71	3.559 (5)	165
C1—H1B⋯..O1ii	0.98	2.45	3.426 (6)	173
C2—H2B⋯..Cl1iii	0.98	2.72	3.611 (5)	152
C8—H8⋯..Cl1iv	0.95	2.71	3.573 (4)	152
C15—H15B⋯..O1v	0.98	2.44	3.387 (7)	162
C16—H16A⋯..O2vi	0.98	2.57	3.454 (7)	151

Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) ; (v) ; (vi) .

Table 2

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) for (II)

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
O1—H1⋯O3i	0.84	1.77	2.609 (4)	175
C1—H1C⋯O4ii	0.98	2.39	3.349 (5)	167
C2—H2B⋯O2iii	0.98	2.56	3.506 (5)	163
C4—H4⋯O3iv	0.95	2.54	3.451 (5)	162
C12—H12⋯O4	0.95	2.46	3.372 (5)	162
C15—H15B⋯O2v	0.98	2.47	3.382 (5)	155
C15—H15C⋯O3vi	0.98	2.36	3.309 (5)	164
C16—H16B⋯O2v	0.98	2.32	3.283 (5)	167
C16—H16C⋯O4	0.98	2.52	3.326 (5)	139

Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) ; (v) ; (vi) .

Supra­molecular features

In the crystal packing of the two compounds, illustrated in Figs. 3 ▸ and 4 ▸, the planar MB cations are stacked in an anti­parallel mode, with the n class="Chemical">sulfur atom disposed alternatively on opposite sides. The aromatic systems exhibit offset π–π inter­actions and form infinite layers as shown in Figs. 5 ▸ and 6 ▸. The average inter­planar distances are 3.326 (4) Å in (I) and 3.550 (3) Å in (II). This disposition differs from the one observed in the penta­hydrate form where the MB species are stacked together while adopting the same orientation, so that the sulfur atoms of all of the mol­ecules lie on the same side along the stacking column. Moreover, as evidenced in Fig. 5 ▸ii–iii and Fig. 6 ▸ii–iii, the stacking geometry of MB differs significantly in the two phases. In fact, in the case of (I), the anti­parallel mode is accompanied by a mutual shift of the cations, resulting in the formation of a zigzag chain with an inter-centroid distance between central thia­zine rings of 3.734 (3) Å (Fig. 5 ▸iii). On the other hand, in (II) the stacked mol­ecules are almost eclipsed and the equivalent inter-centroid distances are 3.912 (4) and 3.956 (5) Å (Fig. 6 ▸iii).

Figure 3

The crystal packing of compound (I) viewed along the c axis, with the unit cell highlighted in the upper left-hand corner. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.

Figure 4

The crystal packing of compound (II) viewed along the a axis, with the unit cell highlighted in the upper left-hand corner. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.

Figure 5

Views of the stacking geometry of MB in compound (I): (i) displayed orthogonally to the stacking pillar axis by showing a tetra­mer of stacked mol­ecules; (ii) the same group of MB cations is shown along the stacking direction; (iii) view along the MB longer dimension, highlighting the mutual shifts of the cations in the zigzag columns.

Figure 6

Views of the stacking geometry of MB in compound (II): (i) displayed orthogonally to the stacking pillar axis by showing a tetra­mer of stacked mol­ecules; (ii) the same group of MB cations is shown along the stacking direction; (iii) view along the MB longer dimension, highlighting the nearly completely eclipsed superposition of the cations in the anti­parallel columns.

Hirshfeld surface analysis

An evaluation of the Hirshfeld fingerprint plots (Spackman & Jayatilaka, 2009 ▸) of compounds (I) and (II), shown in Fig. 7 ▸, highlights some differences in the inter­actions of the MB cations in the two phases. In phase (I), the leading inter­actions can be grouped in two classes: n class="Chemical">hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking. The first involves MB as a donor by means of aromatic and aliphatic C—H bonds (Table 1 ▸), and as an acceptor by means of the central N atom, whose σ lone pair pointing out of the mol­ecule is readily exploited by a water mol­ecule to form a strong hydrogen bond [N⋯O distance = 2.936 (4) Å; see Fig. 1 ▸ and Table 1 ▸). The presence of hydrogen-bond donors surrounding MB, i.e. water mol­ecules, is therefore able to satisfy the region of the cation with the most prominent partial negative charge (the nitro­gen atom).

Figure 7

Hirshfeld fingerprint plots of compounds (I) and (II) (above) and some relevant components (I.a–d and II.a–d), highlighting the main inter­actions exhibited by MB in the respective solid phases.

On the other hand, considering the fingerprint plot of compound (II), it can be seen that the strongest inter­actions are π–π stacking and C—H⋯O contacts (Table 2 ▸) between MB and the n class="Chemical">oxygen atoms of the bis­ulfite inversion dimer. Since no available hydrogen-bond donor is present near MB, no inter­action is able to exploit the electron density concentrated on the central N atom. This has important consequences, since, on one side, it allows a better alignment of the MB cations in their stacking arrangement, as clearly shown in Fig. 6 ▸. However, although there is an improved geometrical match, the stacking distance increases as a consequence of the charge repulsion between the mono-cationic mol­ecules.

This evidence constitutes an exception to a general trend in the packing preferences of organic species. Indeed, in cases where both hydrogen bonds and π stacking can be found in the solid phase, the two inter­actions compete to maximize their efficiency. This competition is usually in favour of the more directional supra­molen class="Chemical">cular inter­actions, i.e. hydrogen bonds (Gospodinova & Tomšík, 2015 ▸). In the present case, however, the cationic nature of the aromatic mol­ecules does not favour the stacking disposition that is usually better (in energetic terms), and in the case where there are no strong hydrogen bonds involving MB, as in compound (II), the mol­ecule is able to adopt a theoretically more stabilizing stacking geometry, which in this case is a less stabilizing one.

Database survey

In the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD, version 5.38, last updated May 2017; Groom et al., 2016 ▸) the crystal structure of the 3,7-bis­(di­methyl­amino)­pheno­thia­zin-5-ium n class="Chemical">hydrogen sulfate dihydrate can be found as a Private Communication (XUVROW; Lynch, 2009 ▸). Here, it was not possible to locate the H atom of the inorganic moiety, nor those of the water mol­ecules, because of the poor data quality due to problematic twinning affecting the solid phase. Considering the overall crystal packing of this phase, which features MB as both a hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor towards the water mol­ecules and the anion, the inter­actions of the organic cation are much more similar to those observed for compound (I), than those observed for compound (II).

A search of the CSD found 30 compounds containing the aromatic unit 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium cation. The anions present in the crystal structures include inorganic n class="Chemical">halogenide, nitrate, perchlorate, thio­cyanate, tri­iodide, hydrogen sulfate and different metallates. The geometrical parameters of the cations (bond lengths, bond angles and torsion angles) are in the normal range for condensed ring systems.

Synthesis and crystallization

Preparation of compound (I)

For the crystallization of compound (I), the commercial reagent 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride was used without any preparative treatment. 50 mg of n class="Chemical">3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride penta­hydrate (0.156 mmol) were transferred to a 10 ml glass vial containing 5 ml of di­chloro­methane. The container was then closed and placed in an ultrasound bath for 5 min. to reach the saturation limit of the compound. The mixture thus obtained was filtered into another 5 ml glass vial, and the resulting solution was left partially open for slow evaporation of the solvent. After 24 h, metallic dark-green needle-shaped crystals of compound (I), suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis, were obtained.

Preparation of compound (II)

306 mg of 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride penta­hydrate (0.957 mmol) were transferred to an n class="Chemical">agate mortar, together with 284 mg of HgSO4 (0.957 mmol). The two powders were subsequently mixed and ground for 30 min, resulting in a dark-green powder. X-ray powder diffraction analysis was performed on the as-obtained product. The resulting pattern showed peaks clearly belonging to the final compound (II) (see Fig. S1 in the supporting information). An excess of the powder was then placed in a glass vial, together with 3 ml of N,N-di­methyl­formamide. The container was closed and placed in an ultrasound bath for 5 min. to reach the saturation limit of the compound. The mixture obtained was filtered into another 5 ml glass vial, and the resulting solution was left partially open for slow evaporation of the solvent. After one week, metallic dark-green needle-like crystals of compound (II), suitable for X-ray diffraction analyses, were obtained.

Refinement details

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 3 ▸. For both compounds, the H atoms were positioned geometrically and refined un class="Gene">sing a riding model: C—H = 0.99 Å with U iso(H) = 1.2U eq(C). The H atoms of the water mol­ecules in (I) and the bis­ulfite anion in (II) were located in difference-Fourier maps and refined freely. Compound (I) was refined as a merohedral twin with twin matrix, 0 0, 0 0, 0 0 1, with a refined BASF value of 0.185 (3).

Table 3

Experimental details

	(I)	(II)
Crystal data
Chemical formula	C16H18N3S+·Cl−·2H2O	C16H18N3S+·HSO4 −
M r	355.87	381.46
Crystal system, space group	Monoclinic, P21/c	Monoclinic, P21/n
Temperature (K)	200	100
a, b, c (Å)	15.130 (2), 15.7219 (19), 7.1203 (12)	7.867 (10), 14.101 (10), 15.027 (10)
β (°)	90.600 (8)	90.348 (10)
V (Å3)	1693.6 (4)	1667 (3)
Z	4	4
Radiation type	Mo Kα	Synchrotron, λ = 0.700 Å
μ (mm−1)	0.36	0.35
Crystal size (mm)	0.4 × 0.2 × 0.15	0.3 × 0.15 × 0.1
Data collection
Diffractometer	Bruker D8 Venture	ELETTRA XRD1
Absorption correction	Multi-scan (SADABS; Krause et al., 2015 ▸)	Multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2014 ▸)
T min, T max	0.491, 0.746	0.711, 1.000
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections	12731, 3359, 2650	20743, 3367, 2795
R int	0.070	0.062
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1)	0.625	0.625
Refinement
R[F 2 > 2σ(F 2)], wR(F 2), S	0.088, 0.271, 1.08	0.041, 0.112, 1.06
No. of reflections	3359	3367
No. of parameters	220	232
H-atom treatment	H-atom parameters constrained	H-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3)	0.69, −0.62	0.36, −0.46

Computer programs: APEX3 and SAINT (Bruker, 2015 ▸), CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2014 ▸), SHELXT (Sheldrick, 2015a ▸), SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015b ▸), OLEX2 (Dolomanov et al., 2009 ▸) and publCIF (Westrip, 2010 ▸).

Diffraction data for compound (I) were collected using a Bruker D8 Venture diffractometer, equipped with a CMOS PhotonII detector, a Mo High brilliance microsource (Incoatec) working at 50 KV and 1 mA. For compound (II), the data were collected at the ELETTRA Synchrotron facility (CNR Trieste) un class="Gene">sing monochromated 0.7 Å wavelength radiation and a Pilatus 2M Detector (Dectris).

Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) I, II, global. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017017881/su5412sup1.cif

Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017017881/su5412Isup2.hkl

Structure factors: contains datablock(s) II. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017017881/su5412IIsup3.hkl

Click here for additional data file.

Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017017881/su5412Isup4.cml

Fig. S1. Stacked XRPD patterns. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017017881/su5412sup5.pdf

CCDC references: 1811677, 1811678

Additional supporting information: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report

C16H18N3S+·Cl−·2H2O	F(000) = 752
Mr = 355.87	Dx = 1.396 Mg m−3
Monoclinic, P21/c	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 15.130 (2) Å	Cell parameters from 4183 reflections
b = 15.7219 (19) Å	θ = 2.9–30.5°
c = 7.1203 (12) Å	µ = 0.36 mm−1
β = 90.600 (8)°	T = 200 K
V = 1693.6 (4) Å3	Needle, metallic dark green
Z = 4	0.4 × 0.2 × 0.15 mm

Bruker D8 Venture diffractometer	2650 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
φ and ω scans	Rint = 0.070
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Krause et al., 2015)	θmax = 26.4°, θmin = 2.6°
Tmin = 0.491, Tmax = 0.746	h = −18→16
12731 measured reflections	k = −19→19
3359 independent reflections	l = −6→8

Refinement on F2	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: full	Hydrogen site location: mixed
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.088	H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.271	w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.2P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.08	(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
3359 reflections	Δρmax = 0.69 e Å−3
220 parameters	Δρmin = −0.62 e Å−3
0 restraints	Extinction correction: SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015b), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4
Primary atom site location: dual	Extinction coefficient: 0.068 (12)

Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refined as a 2-component twin.

	x	y	z	Uiso*/Ueq
S1	0.25577 (6)	0.89471 (7)	0.49946 (15)	0.0277 (4)
Cl1	0.16600 (9)	0.41765 (7)	0.8231 (2)	0.0420 (5)
O1	0.2548 (2)	0.5092 (2)	0.4792 (5)	0.0415 (10)
H1D	0.2311	0.4912	0.5825	0.062*
H1E	0.2537	0.5644	0.4890	0.062*
N1	0.25085 (17)	0.6957 (2)	0.4980 (4)	0.0250 (9)
N2	−0.0525 (2)	0.8556 (2)	0.2382 (6)	0.0307 (9)
N3	0.5627 (2)	0.8421 (3)	0.7571 (7)	0.0357 (10)
C9	0.3375 (3)	0.8241 (3)	0.5706 (6)	0.0229 (9)
C7	0.1704 (3)	0.8285 (2)	0.4280 (6)	0.0220 (9)
O2	0.3352 (3)	0.4241 (3)	0.1739 (8)	0.0599 (12)
H2D	0.3141	0.4524	0.2684	0.090*
H2E	0.2925	0.4118	0.0957	0.090*
C10	0.3252 (3)	0.7342 (2)	0.5600 (6)	0.0229 (9)
C1	−0.0600 (3)	0.9479 (3)	0.2297 (9)	0.0384 (13)
H1A	−0.0629	0.9709	0.3574	0.058*
H1B	−0.1138	0.9635	0.1599	0.058*
H1C	−0.0084	0.9715	0.1660	0.058*
C4	0.0280 (3)	0.7263 (3)	0.3139 (7)	0.0262 (10)
H4	−0.0203	0.6916	0.2760	0.031*
C3	0.0207 (3)	0.8180 (3)	0.3033 (7)	0.0244 (9)
C12	0.4750 (3)	0.7173 (3)	0.6848 (7)	0.0277 (10)
H12	0.5215	0.6806	0.7242	0.033*
C6	0.1793 (3)	0.7374 (2)	0.4382 (6)	0.0220 (9)
C5	0.1037 (3)	0.6901 (3)	0.3777 (7)	0.0263 (10)
H5	0.1066	0.6298	0.3825	0.032*
C8	0.0943 (3)	0.8667 (2)	0.3643 (7)	0.0254 (9)
H8	0.0910	0.9270	0.3610	0.030*
C13	0.4866 (3)	0.8077 (3)	0.6945 (7)	0.0291 (10)
C11	0.3974 (3)	0.6836 (3)	0.6189 (7)	0.0274 (10)
H11	0.3917	0.6235	0.6126	0.033*
C14	0.4150 (3)	0.8592 (3)	0.6362 (7)	0.0288 (10)
H14	0.4205	0.9193	0.6425	0.035*
C15	0.5720 (4)	0.9346 (3)	0.7645 (10)	0.0494 (16)
H15A	0.5670	0.9580	0.6373	0.074*
H15B	0.6299	0.9492	0.8184	0.074*
H15C	0.5253	0.9586	0.8429	0.074*
C16	0.6382 (3)	0.7941 (3)	0.8289 (9)	0.0425 (13)
H16A	0.6225	0.7338	0.8378	0.064*
H16B	0.6548	0.8155	0.9537	0.064*
H16C	0.6881	0.8008	0.7436	0.064*
C2	−0.1328 (3)	0.8098 (3)	0.1796 (9)	0.0397 (13)
H2A	−0.1784	0.8170	0.2750	0.060*
H2B	−0.1193	0.7492	0.1653	0.060*
H2C	−0.1542	0.8326	0.0595	0.060*

	U11	U22	U33	U12	U13	U23
S1	0.0228 (6)	0.0139 (6)	0.0464 (8)	−0.0017 (3)	−0.0042 (6)	−0.0009 (4)
Cl1	0.0391 (7)	0.0225 (6)	0.0646 (10)	−0.0042 (5)	0.0082 (7)	−0.0071 (5)
O1	0.044 (2)	0.0234 (18)	0.057 (2)	0.0012 (12)	−0.005 (2)	0.0011 (13)
N1	0.0219 (18)	0.0151 (18)	0.038 (2)	−0.0011 (10)	0.005 (2)	−0.0001 (12)
N2	0.0236 (18)	0.0213 (18)	0.047 (2)	−0.0005 (14)	−0.0015 (17)	0.0009 (16)
N3	0.0221 (18)	0.034 (2)	0.051 (3)	−0.0055 (15)	−0.0016 (18)	0.0002 (18)
C9	0.0204 (18)	0.0196 (18)	0.029 (2)	−0.0017 (15)	0.0044 (17)	0.0013 (16)
C7	0.0183 (18)	0.0185 (18)	0.029 (2)	−0.0010 (14)	0.0030 (17)	−0.0015 (16)
O2	0.058 (2)	0.039 (2)	0.082 (3)	0.0142 (19)	0.014 (3)	0.006 (2)
C10	0.0212 (19)	0.0171 (18)	0.030 (2)	−0.0007 (15)	0.0068 (18)	0.0005 (16)
C1	0.026 (2)	0.025 (2)	0.064 (4)	0.0051 (17)	−0.006 (2)	0.006 (2)
C4	0.0240 (19)	0.0167 (19)	0.038 (3)	−0.0024 (15)	0.005 (2)	−0.0019 (18)
C3	0.0210 (19)	0.0211 (19)	0.031 (2)	0.0005 (15)	0.0037 (18)	−0.0020 (18)
C12	0.022 (2)	0.025 (2)	0.035 (3)	0.0034 (16)	0.004 (2)	0.0041 (19)
C6	0.0207 (18)	0.0175 (18)	0.028 (2)	−0.0010 (15)	0.0041 (17)	0.0015 (16)
C5	0.025 (2)	0.0163 (17)	0.037 (3)	−0.0016 (15)	0.004 (2)	−0.0019 (17)
C8	0.028 (2)	0.0164 (18)	0.032 (2)	−0.0002 (16)	0.0033 (19)	−0.0002 (17)
C13	0.021 (2)	0.028 (2)	0.038 (3)	−0.0015 (16)	0.002 (2)	0.001 (2)
C11	0.025 (2)	0.0196 (17)	0.038 (3)	0.0005 (16)	0.004 (2)	−0.0001 (18)
C14	0.025 (2)	0.024 (2)	0.037 (3)	−0.0034 (16)	0.002 (2)	0.0004 (19)
C15	0.033 (2)	0.031 (2)	0.085 (5)	−0.010 (2)	−0.007 (3)	−0.005 (3)
C16	0.024 (2)	0.044 (3)	0.059 (4)	−0.0019 (19)	−0.001 (2)	0.005 (3)
C2	0.024 (2)	0.033 (2)	0.062 (4)	0.0003 (18)	−0.006 (2)	−0.002 (2)

S1—C9	1.734 (4)	C9—C14	1.373 (6)
S1—C7	1.731 (4)	C7—C6	1.441 (5)
N1—C10	1.347 (5)	C7—C8	1.371 (6)
N1—C6	1.331 (5)	C10—C11	1.411 (6)
N2—C1	1.458 (6)	C4—C3	1.447 (5)
N2—C3	1.334 (6)	C4—C5	1.353 (6)
N2—C2	1.468 (6)	C3—C8	1.417 (6)
N3—C13	1.344 (6)	C12—C13	1.433 (6)
N3—C15	1.462 (6)	C12—C11	1.367 (6)
N3—C16	1.458 (6)	C6—C5	1.427 (6)
C9—C10	1.427 (5)	C13—C14	1.411 (6)
C7—S1—C9	103.2 (2)	C11—C10—C9	116.2 (4)
C6—N1—C10	123.9 (4)	C5—C4—C3	120.1 (4)
C1—N2—C2	114.4 (4)	N2—C3—C4	121.5 (4)
C3—N2—C1	121.3 (4)	N2—C3—C8	121.0 (4)
C3—N2—C2	124.2 (4)	C8—C3—C4	117.5 (4)
C13—N3—C15	119.6 (4)	C11—C12—C13	120.3 (4)
C13—N3—C16	125.0 (4)	N1—C6—C7	125.5 (4)
C16—N3—C15	115.3 (4)	N1—C6—C5	119.1 (4)
C10—C9—S1	121.8 (3)	C5—C6—C7	115.4 (4)
C14—C9—S1	116.5 (3)	C4—C5—C6	123.7 (4)
C14—C9—C10	121.8 (4)	C7—C8—C3	121.3 (3)
C6—C7—S1	120.9 (3)	N3—C13—C12	121.3 (4)
C8—C7—S1	117.1 (3)	N3—C13—C14	121.3 (4)
C8—C7—C6	122.0 (4)	C14—C13—C12	117.5 (4)
N1—C10—C9	124.7 (4)	C12—C11—C10	122.9 (4)
N1—C10—C11	119.1 (4)	C9—C14—C13	121.3 (4)

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
O1—H1D···..Cl1	0.87	2.30	3.153 (4)	168
O1—H1E···..N1	0.87	2.07	2.936 (4)	177
O2—H2D···..O1	0.87	1.97	2.837 (6)	174
O2—H2E···..Cl1i	0.87	2.71	3.559 (5)	165
C1—H1B···..O1ii	0.98	2.45	3.426 (6)	173
C2—H2B···..Cl1iii	0.98	2.72	3.611 (5)	152
C8—H8···..Cl1iv	0.95	2.71	3.573 (4)	152
C15—H15B···..O1v	0.98	2.44	3.387 (7)	162
C16—H16A···..O2vi	0.98	2.57	3.454 (7)	151

C16H18N3S+·HSO4−	F(000) = 800
Mr = 381.46	Dx = 1.520 Mg m−3
Monoclinic, P21/n	Synchrotron radiation, λ = 0.700 Å
a = 7.867 (10) Å	Cell parameters from 1235 reflections
b = 14.101 (10) Å	θ = 3.1–30.2°
c = 15.027 (10) Å	µ = 0.35 mm−1
β = 90.348 (10)°	T = 100 K
V = 1667 (3) Å3	Needle, metallic green
Z = 4	0.3 × 0.15 × 0.1 mm

ELETTRA XRD1 diffractometer	2795 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: Elettra Synchrotron - XRD1 BL	Rint = 0.062
Rotation around the Phi axis scans	θmax = 25.9°, θmin = 2.0°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2014)	h = −9→9
Tmin = 0.711, Tmax = 1.000	k = −17→17
20743 measured reflections	l = −18→18
3367 independent reflections

Refinement on F2	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: full	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.041	H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.112	w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0656P)2 + 0.4958P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.06	(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
3367 reflections	Δρmax = 0.36 e Å−3
232 parameters	Δρmin = −0.46 e Å−3
0 restraints	Extinction correction: SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015b), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4
Primary atom site location: dual	Extinction coefficient: 0.0109 (15)

Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.

	x	y	z	Uiso*/Ueq
S2	0.11198 (6)	0.58607 (3)	0.40576 (3)	0.02746 (16)
S1	−0.23619 (7)	0.56658 (4)	−0.09373 (3)	0.02953 (16)
O1	−0.08785 (19)	0.57885 (11)	0.40548 (11)	0.0357 (4)
H1	−0.1178	0.5308	0.4345	0.054*
O3	0.16539 (19)	0.56866 (11)	0.49810 (10)	0.0336 (4)
O2	0.1747 (2)	0.51512 (10)	0.34552 (10)	0.0359 (4)
O4	0.1447 (2)	0.68213 (10)	0.37808 (10)	0.0349 (4)
N3	0.0335 (2)	0.80042 (12)	0.12112 (12)	0.0283 (4)
N1	−0.2590 (2)	0.44637 (12)	0.08106 (11)	0.0274 (4)
N2	−0.5250 (2)	0.27281 (12)	−0.21818 (12)	0.0307 (4)
C1	−0.5450 (3)	0.32180 (18)	−0.30356 (15)	0.0377 (5)
H1A	−0.5970	0.3841	−0.2937	0.056*
H1B	−0.6182	0.2841	−0.3430	0.056*
H1C	−0.4334	0.3300	−0.3311	0.056*
C3	−0.4545 (2)	0.31656 (14)	−0.14777 (14)	0.0283 (4)
C12	−0.0597 (3)	0.65139 (15)	0.18233 (14)	0.0292 (4)
H12	−0.0224	0.6698	0.2400	0.035*
C13	−0.0398 (2)	0.71517 (14)	0.10920 (14)	0.0264 (4)
C14	−0.0987 (3)	0.68593 (14)	0.02425 (14)	0.0277 (4)
H14	−0.0889	0.7278	−0.0250	0.033*
C9	−0.1702 (2)	0.59759 (14)	0.01219 (14)	0.0258 (4)
C6	−0.3185 (2)	0.40896 (13)	0.00539 (14)	0.0257 (4)
C10	−0.1897 (2)	0.53309 (14)	0.08529 (13)	0.0252 (4)
C7	−0.3180 (2)	0.45347 (14)	−0.08064 (14)	0.0258 (4)
C4	−0.4539 (3)	0.27152 (15)	−0.06247 (14)	0.0297 (4)
H4	−0.4992	0.2094	−0.0565	0.036*
C8	−0.3812 (3)	0.40837 (14)	−0.15486 (14)	0.0292 (4)
H8	−0.3760	0.4387	−0.2112	0.035*
C16	0.0901 (3)	0.83218 (16)	0.20952 (15)	0.0334 (5)
H16A	−0.0092	0.8481	0.2457	0.050*
H16B	0.1625	0.8883	0.2033	0.050*
H16C	0.1546	0.7813	0.2386	0.050*
C11	−0.1314 (3)	0.56496 (15)	0.17006 (14)	0.0302 (4)
H11	−0.1433	0.5241	0.2199	0.036*
C15	0.0592 (3)	0.86560 (15)	0.04613 (15)	0.0338 (5)
H15A	0.1302	0.8348	0.0012	0.051*
H15B	0.1157	0.9233	0.0674	0.051*
H15C	−0.0511	0.8821	0.0197	0.051*
C5	−0.3894 (3)	0.31642 (15)	0.00972 (15)	0.0305 (5)
H5	−0.3916	0.2848	0.0655	0.037*
C2	−0.5894 (3)	0.17565 (15)	−0.21258 (16)	0.0358 (5)
H2A	−0.6818	0.1729	−0.1692	0.054*
H2B	−0.4974	0.1332	−0.1937	0.054*
H2C	−0.6320	0.1557	−0.2711	0.054*

	U11	U22	U33	U12	U13	U23
S2	0.0290 (3)	0.0236 (3)	0.0298 (3)	0.00176 (19)	0.00111 (19)	0.00149 (19)
S1	0.0359 (3)	0.0239 (3)	0.0287 (3)	−0.0047 (2)	−0.0019 (2)	0.00329 (19)
O1	0.0306 (8)	0.0360 (9)	0.0406 (9)	0.0030 (6)	−0.0003 (6)	0.0104 (7)
O3	0.0353 (8)	0.0347 (8)	0.0308 (8)	−0.0022 (6)	−0.0045 (6)	0.0052 (6)
O2	0.0410 (8)	0.0280 (8)	0.0386 (9)	0.0057 (6)	0.0051 (7)	−0.0011 (6)
O4	0.0428 (9)	0.0264 (8)	0.0355 (8)	−0.0013 (6)	0.0023 (7)	0.0018 (6)
N3	0.0303 (9)	0.0246 (8)	0.0301 (9)	−0.0035 (7)	−0.0012 (7)	0.0011 (7)
N1	0.0296 (9)	0.0224 (8)	0.0301 (9)	0.0007 (7)	0.0009 (7)	0.0010 (7)
N2	0.0331 (9)	0.0261 (9)	0.0328 (9)	0.0002 (7)	−0.0021 (7)	−0.0030 (7)
C1	0.0370 (12)	0.0421 (13)	0.0339 (12)	−0.0052 (10)	−0.0004 (9)	−0.0014 (10)
C3	0.0243 (9)	0.0258 (10)	0.0347 (11)	0.0049 (8)	0.0002 (8)	−0.0036 (8)
C12	0.0308 (10)	0.0264 (10)	0.0306 (10)	−0.0002 (8)	−0.0006 (8)	−0.0008 (8)
C13	0.0233 (9)	0.0219 (9)	0.0340 (11)	0.0015 (7)	0.0019 (8)	−0.0003 (8)
C14	0.0279 (10)	0.0242 (10)	0.0308 (11)	−0.0012 (8)	0.0006 (8)	0.0020 (8)
C9	0.0228 (9)	0.0251 (10)	0.0296 (10)	0.0027 (7)	0.0016 (8)	0.0006 (8)
C6	0.0242 (9)	0.0217 (10)	0.0311 (10)	0.0028 (7)	0.0018 (8)	−0.0005 (8)
C10	0.0236 (9)	0.0205 (9)	0.0313 (10)	0.0012 (7)	−0.0001 (8)	0.0002 (8)
C7	0.0227 (9)	0.0221 (9)	0.0328 (10)	0.0014 (7)	0.0024 (8)	−0.0003 (8)
C4	0.0282 (10)	0.0228 (10)	0.0380 (11)	−0.0008 (8)	0.0006 (8)	−0.0001 (8)
C8	0.0304 (10)	0.0249 (10)	0.0321 (11)	0.0016 (8)	−0.0009 (8)	0.0015 (8)
C16	0.0389 (12)	0.0275 (10)	0.0339 (11)	−0.0070 (9)	−0.0026 (9)	−0.0009 (9)
C11	0.0357 (11)	0.0250 (10)	0.0299 (11)	−0.0002 (8)	−0.0008 (8)	0.0035 (8)
C15	0.0373 (11)	0.0268 (11)	0.0372 (12)	−0.0083 (9)	−0.0037 (9)	0.0061 (9)
C5	0.0333 (11)	0.0249 (10)	0.0331 (11)	0.0003 (8)	0.0020 (9)	0.0038 (8)
C2	0.0385 (12)	0.0258 (10)	0.0431 (13)	−0.0009 (9)	−0.0048 (10)	−0.0066 (9)

S2—O1	1.575 (3)	C13—C14	1.417 (3)
S2—O3	1.4680 (18)	C14—H14	0.9500
S2—O2	1.4385 (17)	C14—C9	1.378 (3)
S2—O4	1.4407 (18)	C9—C10	1.435 (3)
S1—C9	1.727 (2)	C6—C7	1.437 (3)
S1—C7	1.732 (2)	C6—C5	1.421 (3)
O1—H1	0.8400	C10—C11	1.424 (3)
N3—C13	1.345 (3)	C7—C8	1.374 (3)
N3—C16	1.468 (3)	C4—H4	0.9500
N3—C15	1.469 (3)	C4—C5	1.352 (3)
N1—C6	1.336 (3)	C8—H8	0.9500
N1—C10	1.340 (3)	C16—H16A	0.9800
N2—C1	1.465 (3)	C16—H16B	0.9800
N2—C3	1.342 (3)	C16—H16C	0.9800
N2—C2	1.463 (3)	C11—H11	0.9500
C1—H1A	0.9800	C15—H15A	0.9800
C1—H1B	0.9800	C15—H15B	0.9800
C1—H1C	0.9800	C15—H15C	0.9800
C3—C4	1.430 (3)	C5—H5	0.9500
C3—C8	1.421 (3)	C2—H2A	0.9800
C12—H12	0.9500	C2—H2B	0.9800
C12—C13	1.429 (3)	C2—H2C	0.9800
C12—C11	1.355 (3)
O3—S2—O1	105.77 (9)	C5—C6—C7	116.46 (18)
O2—S2—O1	107.42 (10)	N1—C10—C9	125.96 (19)
O2—S2—O3	112.41 (10)	N1—C10—C11	117.33 (18)
O2—S2—O4	114.18 (10)	C11—C10—C9	116.71 (18)
O4—S2—O1	103.89 (9)	C6—C7—S1	120.50 (15)
O4—S2—O3	112.31 (9)	C8—C7—S1	117.84 (16)
C9—S1—C7	103.79 (10)	C8—C7—C6	121.66 (19)
S2—O1—H1	109.5	C3—C4—H4	119.7
C13—N3—C16	121.37 (17)	C5—C4—C3	120.7 (2)
C13—N3—C15	121.20 (17)	C5—C4—H4	119.7
C16—N3—C15	117.43 (17)	C3—C8—H8	119.8
C6—N1—C10	122.76 (18)	C7—C8—C3	120.37 (19)
C3—N2—C1	121.04 (19)	C7—C8—H8	119.8
C3—N2—C2	121.77 (19)	N3—C16—H16A	109.5
C2—N2—C1	117.17 (18)	N3—C16—H16B	109.5
N2—C1—H1A	109.5	N3—C16—H16C	109.5
N2—C1—H1B	109.5	H16A—C16—H16B	109.5
N2—C1—H1C	109.5	H16A—C16—H16C	109.5
H1A—C1—H1B	109.5	H16B—C16—H16C	109.5
H1A—C1—H1C	109.5	C12—C11—C10	122.5 (2)
H1B—C1—H1C	109.5	C12—C11—H11	118.8
N2—C3—C4	120.1 (2)	C10—C11—H11	118.8
N2—C3—C8	121.7 (2)	N3—C15—H15A	109.5
C8—C3—C4	118.19 (19)	N3—C15—H15B	109.5
C13—C12—H12	119.7	N3—C15—H15C	109.5
C11—C12—H12	119.7	H15A—C15—H15B	109.5
C11—C12—C13	120.6 (2)	H15A—C15—H15C	109.5
N3—C13—C12	120.60 (19)	H15B—C15—H15C	109.5
N3—C13—C14	121.19 (18)	C6—C5—H5	118.7
C14—C13—C12	118.21 (19)	C4—C5—C6	122.6 (2)
C13—C14—H14	119.6	C4—C5—H5	118.7
C9—C14—C13	120.83 (19)	N2—C2—H2A	109.5
C9—C14—H14	119.6	N2—C2—H2B	109.5
C14—C9—S1	118.04 (16)	N2—C2—H2C	109.5
C14—C9—C10	121.17 (19)	H2A—C2—H2B	109.5
C10—C9—S1	120.79 (16)	H2A—C2—H2C	109.5
N1—C6—C7	126.19 (18)	H2B—C2—H2C	109.5
N1—C6—C5	117.35 (19)
S1—C9—C10—N1	−0.8 (3)	C9—C10—C11—C12	−0.5 (3)
S1—C9—C10—C11	179.98 (15)	C6—N1—C10—C9	0.6 (3)
S1—C7—C8—C3	−178.17 (15)	C6—N1—C10—C11	179.83 (18)
N3—C13—C14—C9	178.51 (19)	C6—C7—C8—C3	2.0 (3)
N1—C6—C7—S1	−0.4 (3)	C10—N1—C6—C7	0.1 (3)
N1—C6—C7—C8	179.4 (2)	C10—N1—C6—C5	−179.86 (18)
N1—C6—C5—C4	179.82 (19)	C7—S1—C9—C14	−179.56 (16)
N1—C10—C11—C12	−179.78 (19)	C7—S1—C9—C10	0.33 (18)
N2—C3—C4—C5	−177.30 (19)	C7—C6—C5—C4	−0.1 (3)
N2—C3—C8—C7	176.55 (19)	C4—C3—C8—C7	−2.5 (3)
C1—N2—C3—C4	172.77 (18)	C8—C3—C4—C5	1.8 (3)
C1—N2—C3—C8	−6.3 (3)	C16—N3—C13—C12	−2.1 (3)
C3—C4—C5—C6	−0.5 (3)	C16—N3—C13—C14	178.11 (18)
C12—C13—C14—C9	−1.3 (3)	C11—C12—C13—N3	−179.08 (19)
C13—C12—C11—C10	0.1 (3)	C11—C12—C13—C14	0.7 (3)
C13—C14—C9—S1	−179.09 (15)	C15—N3—C13—C12	178.25 (18)
C13—C14—C9—C10	1.0 (3)	C15—N3—C13—C14	−1.6 (3)
C14—C9—C10—N1	179.14 (19)	C5—C6—C7—S1	179.52 (15)
C14—C9—C10—C11	−0.1 (3)	C5—C6—C7—C8	−0.6 (3)
C9—S1—C7—C6	0.18 (18)	C2—N2—C3—C4	−5.5 (3)
C9—S1—C7—C8	−179.67 (16)	C2—N2—C3—C8	175.48 (19)

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
O1—H1···O3i	0.84	1.77	2.609 (4)	175
C1—H1C···O4ii	0.98	2.39	3.349 (5)	167
C2—H2B···O2iii	0.98	2.56	3.506 (5)	163
C4—H4···O3iv	0.95	2.54	3.451 (5)	162
C12—H12···O4	0.95	2.46	3.372 (5)	162
C15—H15B···O2v	0.98	2.47	3.382 (5)	155
C15—H15C···O3vi	0.98	2.36	3.309 (5)	164
C16—H16B···O2v	0.98	2.32	3.283 (5)	167
C16—H16C···O4	0.98	2.52	3.326 (5)	139