Safa Abdelgadir Mohamed Elhassan1, Mayuren Candasamy2, Elaine Wan Ling Chan3, Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra4. 1. School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, No 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: SAFA.ABDELGADIR@studentimuedu.onmicrosoft.com. 2. Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: mayurencandasamy@imu.edu.my. 3. Institute of Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, No 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: elainechan@imu.edu.my. 4. Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: subratkumar@imu.edu.my.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Autophagy is a process devoted to degrade and recycle cellular components inside mammalian cells through lysosomal system. It plays a main function in the pathophysiology of several diseases. In type 2 diabetes, works demonstrated the dual functions of autophagy in diabetes biology. Studies had approved the role of autophagy in promoting different routes for movement of integral membrane proteins to the plasma membrane. But its role in regulation of GLUT4 trafficking has not been widely observed. In normal conditions, insulin promotes GLUT4 translocation from intracellular membrane compartments to the plasma membrane, while in type 2 diabetes defects occur in this translocation. METHOD: Intriguing evidences discussed the contribution of different intracellular compartments in autophagy membrane formation. Furthermore, autophagy serves to mobilise membranes within cells, thereby promoting cytoplasmic components reorganisation. The intent of this review is to focus on the possibility of autophagy to act as a carrier for GLUT4 through regulating GLUT4 endocytosis, intracellular trafficking in different compartments, and translocation to cell membrane. RESULTS: The common themes of autophagy and GLUT4 have been highlighted. The review discussed the overlapping of endocytosis mechanism and intracellular compartments, and has shown that autophagy and GLUT4 utilise similar proteins (SNAREs) which are used for exocytosis. On top of that, PI3K and AMPK also control both autophagy and GLUT4. CONCLUSION: The control of GLUT4 trafficking through autophagy could be a promising field for treating type 2 diabetes.
BACKGROUND: Autophagy is a process devoted to degrade and recycle cellular components inside mammalian cells through lysosomal system. It plays a main function in the pathophysiology of several diseases. In type 2 diabetes, works demonstrated the dual functions of autophagy in diabetes biology. Studies had approved the role of autophagy in promoting different routes for movement of integral membrane proteins to the plasma membrane. But its role in regulation of GLUT4 trafficking has not been widely observed. In normal conditions, insulin promotes GLUT4 translocation from intracellular membrane compartments to the plasma membrane, while in type 2 diabetes defects occur in this translocation. METHOD: Intriguing evidences discussed the contribution of different intracellular compartments in autophagy membrane formation. Furthermore, autophagy serves to mobilise membranes within cells, thereby promoting cytoplasmic components reorganisation. The intent of this review is to focus on the possibility of autophagy to act as a carrier for GLUT4 through regulating GLUT4 endocytosis, intracellular trafficking in different compartments, and translocation to cell membrane. RESULTS: The common themes of autophagy and GLUT4 have been highlighted. The review discussed the overlapping of endocytosis mechanism and intracellular compartments, and has shown that autophagy and GLUT4 utilise similar proteins (SNAREs) which are used for exocytosis. On top of that, PI3K and AMPK also control both autophagy and GLUT4. CONCLUSION: The control of GLUT4 trafficking through autophagy could be a promising field for treating type 2 diabetes.