Yi Gao1, Xiangzhu Zhu2, Martha J Shrubsole2, Lei Fan3, Zhaolin Xia4, Raymond C Harris5, Lifang Hou6, Qi Dai7. 1. Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA. 2. Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. 3. Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China. 4. Department of Occupational health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. 5. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. 6. Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Environmental Department, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China. Electronic address: l-hou@northwestern.edu. 7. Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. Electronic address: qi.dai@vanderbilt.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that the associations of urinary Cd with blood pressure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality may be modified by renal function. METHODS: We tested these hypotheses using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2010). RESULTS: Both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were positively associated with blood Cd. DBP was positively related to urinary Cd whereas SBP was inversely associated with urinary Cd. In the stratified analyses by level of eGFR, the associations between SBP and urinary Cd were not statistically significant among those with normal renal function and those with mildly reduced renal function whereas SBP significantly positively associated with urinary Cd among those with moderately or severely decreased renal function (p for trend, 0.0004). Renal function appeared to be a modifying factor of the association between urinary Cd and mortality. CVD mortality risks (p for trend, 0.04) were significantly increased with increasing urinary Cd with hazard ratios (HRs) (95% CIs) of 2.18 (0.68-7.01) for the highest quartile of urinary Cd compared to the lowest. The association between urinary Cd and CVD mortality became stronger in the stratified analyses by renal function and these associations became more consistent in those who never smoked. CONCLUSIONS: The inverse association between urinary Cd and blood pressure observed in previous studies may be due to lack of consideration of renal function as an effect modifier. The strength of the association between urinary Cd and CVD mortality may be underestimated without considering renal function. Published by Elsevier Inc.
OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that the associations of urinary Cd with blood pressure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality may be modified by renal function. METHODS: We tested these hypotheses using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2010). RESULTS: Both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were positively associated with blood Cd. DBP was positively related to urinary Cd whereas SBP was inversely associated with urinary Cd. In the stratified analyses by level of eGFR, the associations between SBP and urinary Cd were not statistically significant among those with normal renal function and those with mildly reduced renal function whereas SBP significantly positively associated with urinary Cd among those with moderately or severely decreased renal function (p for trend, 0.0004). Renal function appeared to be a modifying factor of the association between urinary Cd and mortality. CVD mortality risks (p for trend, 0.04) were significantly increased with increasing urinary Cd with hazard ratios (HRs) (95% CIs) of 2.18 (0.68-7.01) for the highest quartile of urinary Cd compared to the lowest. The association between urinary Cd and CVD mortality became stronger in the stratified analyses by renal function and these associations became more consistent in those who never smoked. CONCLUSIONS: The inverse association between urinary Cd and blood pressure observed in previous studies may be due to lack of consideration of renal function as an effect modifier. The strength of the association between urinary Cd and CVD mortality may be underestimated without considering renal function. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Entities:
Keywords:
Blood pressure; Cadmium; Cardiovascular mortality; NHANES; Renal function
Authors: Airton C Martins; Ana Carolina B Almeida Lopes; Mariana R Urbano; Maria de Fatima H Carvalho; Ana Maria R Silva; Alexey A Tinkov; Michael Aschner; Arthur E Mesas; Ellen K Silbergeld; Monica M B Paoliello Journal: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf Date: 2020-11-20 Impact factor: 6.291