Predation and behavioral changes in the neotropical lacewing Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) exposed to lambda-cyhalothrin.

Pyrethroid insecticides are widely recommended against various defoliating pest species, but usually lack efficacy against sucking pests such as aphids, which are preferred prey of lacewing larvae. Interaction of pyrethroids and lacewings are likely to occur in fields infested by both defoliating and sap-sucking pests and should provide a complementary control. Therefore, our study aimed to estimate dose-mortality curves and behavioral changes by Chrysoperla externa exposed to lambda-cyhalothrin. We tested the susceptibility of two populations from different locations and insecticide history exposure through topical application. Based on the LD50-calculated, the population exhibiting the greater LD50 was exposed to resistance enhancement (Sel) by treating larvae once for seven successive generations. The population with lower LD50 was kept without selection (Nsel). Subsequently, walking, predation and oviposition behavioral after exposure to dried insecticide residues were investigated. After seven generations with insecticide selection, the resistance rations between Sel and Nsel populations were 5.85- and 9.37-fold higher for larvae and 3.38- and 2.75-fold higher for adults, respectively. Selected females caged in partially treated arenas laid similar eggs number on both treated and untreated surfaces, while Nsel females laid fewer eggs on treated surfaces. Insecticide repellency was not observed in either population, although irritability was observed for Nsel larvae. Selected larvae confined on fully and partially treated surfaces walked further, for a longer time, and with greater speeds compared to Nsel larvae. Furthermore, Sel and Nsel larvae had reduced predation rates when confined on treated surfaces, and Nsel larvae consumed less prey than Sel larvae. Results indicate changes in susceptibility, behavior, and predation rate of C. externa following exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin.