Ivan S K Thong1,2, Mark P Jensen3, Jordi Miró4, Gabriel Tan2. 1. Blk 49 Hume Ave #06-04, Singapore 598749, Singapore, Phone: +65 9856 7379. 2. National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. 3. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 4. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Verbal Rating Scale (VRS), and Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) are valid measures of pain intensity. However, ratings on these measures may be influenced by factors other than pain intensity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of non-pain intensity factors on the pain intensity scales. METHODS: We administered measures of pain intensity (NRS, VAS, VRS, FPS-R), pain unpleasantness, catastrophizing, depressive symptoms, and pain interference to 101 individuals with chronic lower back or knee pain. Correlation analyses examined the associations among the pain intensity scales, and regression analyses evaluated the contributions of the non-pain intensity factors (depressive symptoms, and pain unpleasantness, catastrophizing, and interference) to the VAS, VRS, and FPS-R ratings, while controlling for NRS, age, and gender. RESULTS: Although the NRS, VAS, VRS, FPR-S, scales were strongly associated with one another, supporting their validity as measures of pain intensity, regression analyses showed that the VRS also reflected pain interference, the FPS-R also reflected pain unpleasantness, and the VAS was not associated with any of the additional non-pain intensity factors when controlling for NRS, age, and gender. CONCLUSIONS: The VAS appears to be most similar to the NRS and less influenced by non-pain intensity factors than the VRS or FPS-R. Although the VRS and FPS-R ratings both reflect pain intensity, they also contain additional information about pain interference and pain unpleasantness, respectively. These findings should be kept in mind when selecting pain measures and interpreting the results of research studies using these scales. IMPLICATIONS: The influence of pain interference and pain unpleasantness on VRS and FPS-R, respectively should be kept in mind when selecting pain measures and interpreting the results of research studies using these scales.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Verbal Rating Scale (VRS), and Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) are valid measures of pain intensity. However, ratings on these measures may be influenced by factors other than pain intensity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of non-pain intensity factors on the pain intensity scales. METHODS: We administered measures of pain intensity (NRS, VAS, VRS, FPS-R), pain unpleasantness, catastrophizing, depressive symptoms, and pain interference to 101 individuals with chronic lower back or knee pain. Correlation analyses examined the associations among the pain intensity scales, and regression analyses evaluated the contributions of the non-pain intensity factors (depressive symptoms, and pain unpleasantness, catastrophizing, and interference) to the VAS, VRS, and FPS-R ratings, while controlling for NRS, age, and gender. RESULTS: Although the NRS, VAS, VRS, FPR-S, scales were strongly associated with one another, supporting their validity as measures of pain intensity, regression analyses showed that the VRS also reflected pain interference, the FPS-R also reflected pain unpleasantness, and the VAS was not associated with any of the additional non-pain intensity factors when controlling for NRS, age, and gender. CONCLUSIONS: The VAS appears to be most similar to the NRS and less influenced by non-pain intensity factors than the VRS or FPS-R. Although the VRS and FPS-R ratings both reflect pain intensity, they also contain additional information about pain interference and pain unpleasantness, respectively. These findings should be kept in mind when selecting pain measures and interpreting the results of research studies using these scales. IMPLICATIONS: The influence of pain interference and pain unpleasantness on VRS and FPS-R, respectively should be kept in mind when selecting pain measures and interpreting the results of research studies using these scales.
Authors: Yu Heng Kwan; Amanda Ng; Ka Keat Lim; Warren Fong; Jie Kie Phang; Eng Hui Chew; Nai Lee Lui; Chuen Seng Tan; Julian Thumboo; Truls Østbye; Ying Ying Leung Journal: Rheumatol Int Date: 2018-12-06 Impact factor: 2.631
Authors: Carlos Carpintero-Rubio; Bárbara Torres-Chica; María Alexandra Guadrón-Romero; Laura Visiers-Jiménez; David Peña-Otero Journal: Rev Lat Am Enfermagem Date: 2021-06-28
Authors: Francesco A Ciarleglio; Marta Rigoni; Liliana Mereu; Cai Tommaso; Alessandro Carrara; Gianni Malossini; Saverio Tateo; Giuseppe Tirone; Truls E Bjerklund Johansen; Pier Paolo Benetollo; Antonio Ferro; Giovanni Maria Guarrera; Mario Grattarola; Giandomenico Nollo; Alberto Brolese Journal: World J Emerg Surg Date: 2021-07-13 Impact factor: 5.469