New substrates for stem cell control.

The capacity to culture stem cells in a controllable, robust and scalable manner is necessary in order to develop successful strategies for the generation of cellular and tissue platforms for drug screening, toxicity testing, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Creating substrates that support the expansion, maintenance or directional differentiation of stem cells would greatly aid these efforts. Optimally, the substrates used should be chemically defined and synthetically scalable, allowing growth under defined, serum-free culture conditions. To achieve this, the chemical and physical attributes of the substrates should mimic the natural tissue environment and allow control of their biological properties. Herein, recent advances in the development of materials to study/manipulate stem cells, both in vitro and in vivo, are described with a focus on the novelty of the substrates' properties, and on application of substrates to direct stem cells.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.