S Rempel1,2, M Murti1, J A Buxton3, W Stephens4, M Watterson4, A Andonov2, C Fung1, G Ramler1, M Bigham1, M Lem1. 1. Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC. 2. Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON. 3. British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC. 4. College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners and Acupuncturists of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The most common risk factors for acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are sexual contact, injection drug use and perinatal, or nosocomial exposure. Acupuncture, used in China for over 2,500 years, has been gaining popularity as an alternative medical therapy in the western world, but when associated with poor infection control practices, is also a risk for blood-borne infections. OBJECTIVE: To describe the outbreak investigation following detection of two cases of acute HBV infection associated with acupuncture services from the same provider within four months of symptom onset. METHODS: The outbreak investigation included genotyping of HBV from the identified cases, on-site assessment of the acupuncturist's infection prevention and control practices and chart review of known clients. RESULTS: Both cases had HBV genotype D1 with an identical fingerprint and both clients had visited the clinic on the same day denying other recent risk exposures. Inspection of the acupuncturist's practice revealed high-risk re-use and inappropriate storage of disposable needles. The Regional Health Authority ordered cessation of clinic practice until infection control measures were remediated. A public service announcement and mailed notifications to clients identified from practitioner records recommended that all clients be tested for HBV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C. CONCLUSIONS: A clear epidemiological linkage of these two acute HBV infections to the same acupuncture clinic, evidence of substandard infection control practice in the clinic and identical HBV molecular and genotypic profiles of the two cases are highly suggestive that contaminated acupuncture needles likely resulted in at least two cases of acute HBV infection. This is the first known reported transmission of HBV from acupuncturists re-use of disposable needles and the first HBV outbreak associated with exposure to acupuncture reported this century in an industrialized country. Increased provider oversight and patient education may prevent future outbreaks.
BACKGROUND: The most common risk factors for acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are sexual contact, injection drug use and perinatal, or nosocomial exposure. Acupuncture, used in China for over 2,500 years, has been gaining popularity as an alternative medical therapy in the western world, but when associated with poor infection control practices, is also a risk for blood-borne infections. OBJECTIVE: To describe the outbreak investigation following detection of two cases of acute HBV infection associated with acupuncture services from the same provider within four months of symptom onset. METHODS: The outbreak investigation included genotyping of HBV from the identified cases, on-site assessment of the acupuncturist's infection prevention and control practices and chart review of known clients. RESULTS: Both cases had HBV genotype D1 with an identical fingerprint and both clients had visited the clinic on the same day denying other recent risk exposures. Inspection of the acupuncturist's practice revealed high-risk re-use and inappropriate storage of disposable needles. The Regional Health Authority ordered cessation of clinic practice until infection control measures were remediated. A public service announcement and mailed notifications to clients identified from practitioner records recommended that all clients be tested for HBV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C. CONCLUSIONS: A clear epidemiological linkage of these two acute HBV infections to the same acupuncture clinic, evidence of substandard infection control practice in the clinic and identical HBV molecular and genotypic profiles of the two cases are highly suggestive that contaminated acupuncture needles likely resulted in at least two cases of acute HBV infection. This is the first known reported transmission of HBV from acupuncturists re-use of disposable needles and the first HBV outbreak associated with exposure to acupuncture reported this century in an industrialized country. Increased provider oversight and patient education may prevent future outbreaks.
Authors: P E Slater; P Ben-Ishai; A Leventhal; D Zahger; A Bashary; A Moses; C Costin; D Shouval Journal: Eur J Epidemiol Date: 1988-09 Impact factor: 8.082
Authors: David M Patrick; Mark Bigham; Helen Ng; Rick White; Aleina Tweed; Danuta M Skowronski Journal: Pediatr Infect Dis J Date: 2003-10 Impact factor: 2.129