BACKGROUND: Fecal contamination of recreational waters may lead to gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, dermatitis and ear infections. In addition to directly testing waters for contamination, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the assessment of environmental factors known to influence water quality as part of monitoring efforts. Measurement of these factors using satellite imagery may be helpful in Canada where monitoring over large areas or difficult to access locations is needed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the added value of using satellite imagery as part of monitoring and managing microbial risks associated with recreational waters in Canada. METHODS: Satellite images were used to calculate five environmental indices that may affect the risk of contamination of recreational waters: agricultural land, urban areas (impervious surfaces), forest and wetlands. Statistical models including these indices were then compared with the average contamination level of beaches in southern Quebec, Canada. Various satellite sensors were compared against criteria of accuracy and performance. OUTCOMES: Satellite imagery classification performed well for the study area. Two of the variables were significantly associated with higher coliform levels: agricultural land and urban areas. In the context of this assessment, the Landsat-5 sensor offered the best cost-benefit ratio. CONCLUSION: Satellite imagery can be used to identify environmental factors associated with a higher risk of fecal contamination of recreational waters in Canada and may supplement current monitoring and risk assessment efforts.
BACKGROUND: Fecal contamination of recreational waters may lead to gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, dermatitis and ear infections. In addition to directly testing waters for contamination, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the assessment of environmental factors known to influence water quality as part of monitoring efforts. Measurement of these factors using satellite imagery may be helpful in Canada where monitoring over large areas or difficult to access locations is needed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the added value of using satellite imagery as part of monitoring and managing microbial risks associated with recreational waters in Canada. METHODS: Satellite images were used to calculate five environmental indices that may affect the risk of contamination of recreational waters: agricultural land, urban areas (impervious surfaces), forest and wetlands. Statistical models including these indices were then compared with the average contamination level of beaches in southern Quebec, Canada. Various satellite sensors were compared against criteria of accuracy and performance. OUTCOMES: Satellite imagery classification performed well for the study area. Two of the variables were significantly associated with higher coliform levels: agricultural land and urban areas. In the context of this assessment, the Landsat-5 sensor offered the best cost-benefit ratio. CONCLUSION: Satellite imagery can be used to identify environmental factors associated with a higher risk of fecal contamination of recreational waters in Canada and may supplement current monitoring and risk assessment efforts.
Authors: Jay M Fleisher; Lora E Fleming; Helena M Solo-Gabriele; Jonathan K Kish; Christopher D Sinigalliano; Lisa Plano; Samir M Elmir; John D Wang; Kelly Withum; Tomoyuki Shibata; Maribeth L Gidley; Amir Abdelzaher; Guoqing He; Cristina Ortega; Xiaofang Zhu; Mary Wright; Julie Hollenbeck; Lorraine C Backer Journal: Int J Epidemiol Date: 2010-06-03 Impact factor: 7.196