Microinjection of mRNAs and Oligonucleotides.

Microinjecting lineage tracers into a single blastomere in the normal, intact embryo identifies the repertoire of cell types derived from it. In order to reveal the full developmental potential of that blastomere or identify the mechanisms by which its fate is determined, one needs to modify its gene expression under controlled experimental conditions. One method by which this is easily accomplished in Xenopus is by microinjecting synthetic mRNAs or antisense oligonucleotides into an identified blastomere to target altered gene expression specifically to its lineage. Xenopus blastomeres are robust and tolerate pressure-driven microinjection up to a few hundred cells, and they efficiently translate exogenously supplied mRNAs. Targeted microinjections, described here, significantly reduce off-target effects of the mRNAs or oligonucleotides. Many types of constructs can be synthesized to provide specific information about gene function. For example, microinjecting mRNA encoding the wild-type gene in its normal expression domain or in an ectopic site tests whether it promotes or represses target genes or alters the formation of tissues of interest. Mutant forms of a gene transcript can illuminate the function of different domains of the encoded protein or show the developmental consequences of a mutation found in a human disease. mRNAs encoding dominant-negative forms of a protein can elicit a functional knockdown and thereby establish the necessity for that gene in a developmental process. Microinjecting antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) that are designed to block either endogenous mRNA translation or splicing is an effective method to reduce the levels of endogenous protein.