Ratchet-free solid-state inertial rotation of a guest ball in a tight tubular host.

Dynamics of molecules in the solid state holds promise for connecting molecular behaviors with properties of bulk materials. Solid-state dynamics of [60]fullerene (C60) is controlled by intimate intermolecular contacts and results in restricted motions of a ratchet phase at low temperatures. Manipulation of the solid-state dynamics of fullerene molecules is thus an interesting yet challenging problem. Here we show that a tubular host for C60 liberates the solid-state dynamics of the guest from the motional restrictions. Although the intermolecular contacts between the host and C60 were present to enable a tight association with a large energy gain of -14 kcal mol-1, the dynamic rotations of C60 were simultaneously enabled by a small energy barrier of +2 kcal mol-1 for the reorientation. The solid-state rotational motions reached a non-Brownian, inertial regime with an extremely rapid rotational frequency of 213 GHz at 335 K.

Introduction

Dynamics of molecules in the solid state holds promise for connecting events at the molecular size with properties of larger, bulk materials[1], although the solid-state dynamics of molecules are severely restricted by intermolecular contacts[2]. A soccer-ball-shaped molecule, [60]fullerene (C60), is known for its unique dynamic characteristics[3-5], and, in particular, a peculiar solid-state dynamics has been discovered. In the solid state, the C60 molecules dynamically rotate despite intimate intermolecular contacts involved therein[6, 7]. The rotational motions, however, are not completely free from motional restrictions, and the dynamics is under the influence of the 32-faced polyhedral shape. Between the two dynamic phases observed with the C60 solid, the restricted ratchet phase emerges from the face-to-face contacts of C60 molecules below 260 K[6-8]. Above the phase transition temperature, the other rotator phase emerges to allow for the rapid rotations of C60 molecules. In this high-temperature region, the rotational motions approach the boundary of the diffusional, Brownian rotations with a motional measure of χ = 2.4 at 331 K (see below). Manipulation of such unique solid-state dynamics is a challenging yet interesting subject to be explored for dynamic solid-state materials[8, 9], and an interesting method for the dynamics control has been exploited by using carbon nanotubes (CNT)[10]. The dynamics of C60 has thus been investigated in the supramolecular composites, so-called CNT peapods. Although changes in the dynamic motions of encapsulated C60 molecules have been suggested[11], an inhomogeneous nature intrinsic to the CNT materials hampered reproducible measurements as well as definitive, clear-cut conclusions[11, 12]. We have recently introduced a molecular peapod with a finite segment of helical CNT, i.e., [4]cyclo-2,8-chrysenylene ([4]CC)[13, 14], and started investigating the physical characteristics of these molecular entities possessing discrete tubular structures (Fig. 1a)[15]. The rigid host of (12,8)-[4]CC tightly encapsulates C60 in its inner space with the highest association constants ever recorded with C60 (Ka ~ 1012 M–1 and ΔH ~ −14 kcal mol–1 in benzene)[15, 16], and despite such tight associations, the dynamic rotational motions of the C60 guest are present both in solution[15] and solid[17].

Fig. 1

Variable-temperature crystallographic analyses of (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC⊃C60. a Molecular structure shown in the chemical diagrams. b A crystal structure at 95 K, shown in tube models. Four disordered C60 orientations are shown in different colors. Disordered alkyl chains and hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. c Temperature-dependent electron density mappings with 2Fo–Fc (RMSD: 1.5σ) at 95, 180, 220, and 260 K

Here we report a complete physical picture of solid-state dynamics of C60 in the tubular host. Anomalous effects of the tubular host on the rotational dynamics of the guest have been revealed. Albeit paradoxically, a tight association and a low friction are concurrently achieved. This study should stimulate future developments of unique dynamic supramolecular systems assembled solely by van der Waals interactions[18].

Results

Crystallography

The solid-state dynamic motions were first indicated by variable-temperature (VT) crystallographic analyses. Crystals of single-handed, (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC⊃C60 were grown from a methanol/dichloromethane solution, and six single crystals were obtained from an identical batch. Under six different temperatures applied to each crystal, the crystals were subjected to diffraction analysis with a synchrotron X-ray beam (PF-AR NE3A/KEK Photon Factory). Six independent diffraction datasets were converged, respectively, into six molecular structures of (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC⊃C60. Each structure was finalized with four disordered C60 orientations, and the temperature-dependent fluctuations of C60 orientations were also visualized by raw electron density maps with 2Fo–Fc[19]. A complete set of the crystal data is summarized in Supplementary Fig. 1, and representative data are shown in Fig. 1. The molecular structure of (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC⊃C60 shown in Fig. 1b was essentially a mirror image of that of an enantiomer, (M)-(12,8)-[4]CC⊃C60, determined in our previous study[17]. Independent of the temperatures (95, 140, 180, 220, 260, and 295 K), the disordered C60 molecules (24 molecules in total with six crystal structures having four C60 orientations) shared a common center of mass that was located at the center of the [4]CC tube (Supplementary Fig. 1). Although the effects of temperature were not clear merely by examining these molecular structures, the contour maps of electron densities (root-mean-square deviation, RMSD: 1.5σ) clarified the temperature effects on the molecular orientations of C60 in the host. As shown in Fig. 1c, the distributions of electrons at low temperatures (e.g. 95 and 180 K) showed biased locations of carbon atoms, indicating the presence of favorable low-energy orientations. At higher temperatures such as 220 and 260 K, the vacant spaces not distributed with electrons diminished, and the evenly distributed, ball-shaped electron mappings of C60 emerged. This result indicates that the unfavorable orientations of C60 are energetically separated by minute gaps from the favorable orientations and that the C60 orientations increase the degree of freedom at high temperatures.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra

The solid-state dynamics of (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC⊃C60 were next quantitatively investigated by VT nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Static solid-state 13C NMR spectra under a 9.39-T magnetic field are shown in Fig. 2. As was recorded with the enantiomer[17], a narrow symmetric peak originating from C60 (20–30% 13C-enriched) was recorded under static conditions without magic-angle spinning (MAS) at 295 K. Previously, the symmetric peak was observed to be unchanged down to 243 K, that is, the lowest temperature of our conventional spectrometer[17]. In the present study adopting home-made NMR instruments[11], the temperature was further lowered to 30 K, and below 50 K, the symmetric peak with averaging effects from the molecular motions disappeared to show a powder pattern originating from non-averaged chemical shift anisotropy (CSA). The powder pattern of (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC⊃C60 at 50 K was similar to that of intact C60 at 143 K under an identical magnetic field[7]. This temperature difference indicated that in the presence of the tight tubular host, the speed of C60 rotations becomes slow compared to the CSA width at a much lower temperature than that of intact C60 (50 K vs. 143 K).

Fig. 2

Variable-temperature solid-state NMR analysis of (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC⊃C60. Measurements were performed under static conditions (9.39 T) without MAS. Fullerene C60 was enriched with 13C (20–30%)

Rotational frequency

Quantitative kinetic analyses were carried out through measurements of spin-lattice relaxation time (T1)[7]. In short, to exclude the field-independent non-CSA (NCSA) contributions such as magnetic dipole−dipole relaxation (C−C/C−H), the T1 values of C60 in [4]CC were recorded under three different magnetic fields (B0 = 4.00, 9.39, and 11.7 T) (Supplementary Figs. 2–4). The field-dependent T1 values were then plotted against B02 to determine the τ values from the slope of the linear correlations (Fig. 3a)[20]. A series of measurements in the temperature range of 200–335 K allowed for a plot of the temperature-dependent τ values as shown in Fig. 3b. At the highest temperature, 335 K, the smallest value of the rotational correlation time with a standard error of the estimate was recorded as τ = 4.7 ± 1.0 ps, which was smaller than that observed with intact C60 (τ = 6.8 ps at 331 K)[6]. The rotational correlation time was converted to the rotational frequency that reached the largest value of krot = 213 ± 45 GHz at 335 K to show the presence of an extremely fast solid-state rotational motions of C60 in the tubular host.

Fig. 3

Rotational dynamics revealed from spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) measurements. a Field-dependent T1 values for the temperature range of 200–335 K under three different magnetic fields (4.00, 9.39, and 11.7 T). A linear correlation was visualized by plotting the reciprocal T1 against the square of the magnetic field B02, and the rotational correlational time (τ) was obtained from the slope. b Temperature-dependent τ values. Experimental τ values are shown in red circles, and theoretical natural-limit values, τFR, are shown in blue squares. The bars show the standard errors of the estimate. The dynamics measures of χ (=τ/τFR) are shown, and the smallest value, 1.7, revealed the presence of inertial rotational motions. The inset shows the Eyring plot adopting krot (=1/τ) to disclose the energetics for the rotations

Energetics of rotations

Comparisons of C60 dynamics in the tubular host with those of intact, solid C60 revealed unique roles of the [4]CC tube[7]. As shown in Fig. 3, the τ value of C60 in (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC showed one monotonic exponential decay with temperature throughout the investigated temperature range (200–335 K). In contrast, previous studies of intact C60 have shown that the phase transition of ratchet/rotator motions is present at 260 K, dividing two different exponential decays of τ values (see also Supplementary Fig. 5)[6-8]. The single exponential decay observed with (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC⊃C60 was similar to that of the high-temperature region of intact C60, which indicated the presence of ratchet-free, rotator motions throughout the temperature range. The single exponential decay of τ values was further analyzed by the Eyring plot (1/T−ln (krot/T); Fig. 3, inset) to elucidate the energy barriers of the C60 rotations in the host as ΔG‡ = +2.45 ± 0.13 kcal mol–1 (335 K), ΔH‡ = +1.96 ± 0.08 kcal mol–1 and ΔS‡ = –1.46 ± 0.32 cal mol–1 K–1. The energy barriers showed the origins of smooth motions, albeit seemingly paradoxical, in the presence of the large association energy[15, 21]. The inner surfaces of [4]CC were smoothly curved without inflection lines (Supplementary Fig. 6)[17], which should structurally eliminate face-to-face intermolecular contacts that generated the ratchet, restricted motions of C60[7].

Inertial rotation

The smallest correlation time of C60 rotations, τ = 4.7 ps, recorded with (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC⊃C60 at the highest temperature (335 K) showed the presence of unique dynamic motions. As has been reported with intact C60[7], the modes of rotational motions can be elucidated by comparing the experimental correlation time (τ) with the natural-limit value for free rotations (τFR) with the measure of τ/τFR (≡χ) (see also Methods for details)[22, 23]. Thus, according to Steele’s theoretical proposal[22, 23], the χ value of 2.4 recorded with intact C60 at 331 K led Johnson to conclude the presence of diffusional C60 rotations near the boundary of the inertial regime (χ < 2). The theoretical τFR value of C60 at 335 K was calculated as 2.7 ps (see also Methods)[7], and the smallest τ value, 4.7 ± 1.0 ps, of (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC⊃C60 was thus converted to the small motional measure, χ = 1.7 ± 0.4. The χ measure below 2 showed that the rotational motions in the [4]CC host reached the inertial regime in the solid state.

Discussion

The structural investigations of C60 dynamics in a tubular supramolecular host revealed the presence of unique rotational motions, which reached the inertial rotational regime at 335 K. The ratchet-free rotational motions took place in smooth chiral environments provided by helically arranged sp2-carbons[17, 24], and exploration of the chirality-related dynamics under the control of classical mechanics should be of great interest for future studies[25]. Investigations of energy inputs other than thermal energies should also expand the scope of the unique molecular bearings[21, 26].

Methods

Materials

The tubular molecule, (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC, was converted to the molecular peapod, (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC ⊃ C60, by encapsulating 13C-enriched C60 (20–30%, MER Corporation) in solution[13, 17]. Thus, in CD2Cl2 (2.0 mL), (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC (27.1 mg, 17.2 µmol) was mixed with a slightly excess amount of C60 (13.0 mg, ca. 18 µmol), and the mixture was sonicated for 30 min. An excess amount of C60 remained insoluble, and its solid was removed by filtration. The formation of 1:1 complex in solution was confirmed by solution-phase NMR analyses. The solid specimens of the complex were obtained by removing the solvent and were used for the solid-state analyses.

VT crystallographic analyses

Six single crystals of (P)-(12,8)-[4]CC⊃C60 were obtained from a methanol/dichloromethane (ca. 1:1 v/v) solution at 3 °C. A single crystal was mounted on a thin polymer tip with cryoprotectant oil. The diffraction analyses with synchrotron X-ray sources were conducted, respectively, at 95, 140, 180, 220, 260, and 295 K at beamline PF-AR NE3A with the Dectris PILATUS 2M-F PAD detectors at the KEK Photon Factory. Temperature was controlled by the cooling device developed in KEK Photon Factory with dry nitrogen gas flow. The diffraction data were processed with the XDS software program[27]. The structure was solved by direct method[28] and refined by full-matrix least-squares on F2 using the SHELXL-2014/7 program suite[29] running with the Yadokari-XG 2009 software program[30]. In the refinements, fullerene molecules were treated as four rigid body models and restrained by SIMU, alkyl groups were partially restrained by SIMU, DFIX, and DANG, and diffused solvent molecules were treated by SWAT. Twinning was treated with TWIN/BASF instructions. The non-hydrogen atoms were analyzed anisotropically, and hydrogen atoms were input at the calculated positions and refined with a riding model. Electron density mapping was performed on a COOT software program[31]. The Hirshfeld surface analyses[32] were performed using the CrystalExplorer software program[33]. The refinement data are shown in Supplementary Tables 1–6.

NMR measurements

Three different NMR instruments were used for the VT and field-dependent analyses. The magnetic fields are 4.00, 9.39, and 11.7 T (resonance frequency of 13C = 42.9, 101, and 125 MHz). The 4.00- and 9.39-T instruments were assembled in-house and were fully equipped for ultralow-temperature measurements. The 11.7-T instrument was commercially available products (JEOL ECA 500). The 13C NMR spectra of the solid specimen were obtained under 9.39 T in a temperature range of 30–295 K without applying MAS. The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) was measured by using the saturation-recovery method, and its temperature dependency was tracked in a range of 200–335 K. The magnetic field dependency of T1 was traced under 4.00, 9.39, and 11.7 T. The T1 data are shown in Supplementary Figs. 2–4.

Determination of τ values

The T1 values were then converted to τ values by a method reported in the literature[6]. In short, the T1 value is composed of a CSA part (T1CSA) and an NCSA part (T1NCSA) in the form ofThe T1CSA part depends on the external magnetic field (B0) in the form ofwhere γ is the 13C magnetogyric ratio (67.31×106 rad s–1 T–1), ω is the angular Larmor frequency (=γB0) and A2 and S2 factors are derived from antisymmetric and symmetric components of the shielding tensors. The S2 factor was calculated from the values obtained by the simulation of the 13C powder pattern under 9.4 T at 30 K, and the A2 factor was adopted from the value of intact C60[6]. According to this equation, we determined the τ values by using 1/T1-B02 plots.

Classic mechanics calculations of τFR

The natural-limit rotational correlation time for free rotation (τFR) was calculated by a method reported in the literature[6]. Thus, the moment of inertia (I) of a hollow carbon-shell ball of C60 is 1.0×10–43 kg m2, and the natural-limit τFR is calculated withwhere kB is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature.

Data availability

Crystallographic data are available at Cambridge Crystallographic Database Centre (https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk) as CCDC1821725, 1821726, 1821727, 1821728, 1821729, and 1821730. All other data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.