Literature DB >> 29764590

[Characteristics of Ventricular Function in Pulmonary Hypertension Patients 
with Different Shape of Interventricular Septum:
Preliminary Study with Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging].

Dan Wang1, Zhang Zhang1, Fan Yang1, Le Zhang1, Zhenwen Yang2, Wen Ren1, Tielian Yu1, Dong Li1.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND: To study the characteristics of ventricular function in Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) Patients with different shape of Interventricular Septum (IVS) by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR).
METHODS: 36 PH patients diagnosed by right heart catheterization accepted CMR. According to the morphology of IVS, the patients were divided into two groups: the non-deformation group (10 patients) and the deformation group (26 patients). The ventricular function parameters were as follows: RV and LV end-diastolic volume index (EDVI), end-systolic volume index (ESVI), stroke volume index (SVI), cardiac index (CI), ejection fraction (EF), and myocardial mass index (MMI).
RESULTS: ANOVA analysis showed that the differences of RVEDVI, RVESVI, RVSVI, RVCI, RVEF, RVMMI, LVEDVI, LVESVI, LVSVI and LVCI were significant among the three groups. Compared with control group, RVSVI (P=0.017), RVEF (P<0.001), LVEDVI (P=0.048) and LVSVI (P=0.015) decreased in IVS non-deformation group. Compared with IVS non-deformation group, RVEDVI (P<0.001), RVESVI (P<0.001), RVCI (P=0.002) and RVMMI (P=0.017) were increased in IVS deformation group; while RVEF (P=0.001), LVEDVI (P=0.003), LVSVI (P<0.001) and LVCI (P=0.029) were decreased. Compared with the control group, RVEDVI (P<0.001), RVESVI (P<0.001), RVCI (P=0.004) and RVMMI (P=0.003) were increased in the IVS deformation group, while RVEF (P<0.001), LVEDVI (P<0.001), LVESVI (P<0.001), LVSVI (P<0.001), LVCI (P<0.001) were decreased.
CONCLUSIONS: Ventricular function is different in PH Patients with different IVS shape. The IVS shape can represent the changes of ventricular function in PH patients.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Cardiovascular magnetic resonance; Interventricular septum; Pulmonary artery; Pulmonary hypertension; Shape; Ventricular function

Mesh:

Year:  2018        PMID: 29764590      PMCID: PMC5999918          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2018.05.07

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


左心室(left ventricle, LV)和右心室(right ventricle, RV)共享室间隔(interventricular septum, IVS),在心动周期中,IVS位置形态是由LV和RV的压力差,即跨IVS压力梯度决定[。肺高血压(pulmonary hypertension, PH)是肺动脉压力持续高于正常的病理状态,PH压力超负荷可导致RV心肌壁肥厚和心腔扩大,甚至IVS发生形变[。心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance, CMR)成像在评估心脏形态结构功能、量化心室容积、质量等方面具有独特优势[。本研究拟通过CMR成像来探讨IVS不同形态下PH患者RV和LV功能的特点。

材料和方法

研究对象

选取2014年10月-2017年2月在天津医科大学总医院经右心导管检查(right heart catheterization, RHC)确诊并接受CMR检查的PH患者36例。均排除了冠心病、心脏瓣膜病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等其他心肺疾病,且无严重肾功能不全及MR检查禁忌症,能配合完成检查。另纳入健康志愿者22例作为正常对照组,其心率、血压均在正常范围,无心肺疾病、代谢综合征等病史并接受CMR检查。本研究经天津医科大学总医院伦理委员会批准,所有受检者对此项研究知情同意。

CMR检查设备与扫描方法

采用GE 3.0T Twin-speed Infinity with Excite Ⅱ超导型MR扫描仪(GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA),8通道相控阵线圈,心电门控和呼吸门控进行呼气末屏气采集CMR图像。采用二维快速稳态进动采集序列(fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition, FIESTA)获得心脏短轴位和四腔心位图像。成像参数:TR/TE minfull/minfull,带宽125 kHz,翻转角45°,矩阵224×224,NEX 1,扫描层厚8 mm,层间距0 mm,FOV 35 cm×35 cm,每层扫描的心动周期时相数为20。扫描范围自心尖至心底覆盖整个RV和LV,共采集9层-13层。根据受试者心率不同,每层图像采集期间患者需屏气约8 s-14 s。

CMR图像分析与心功能参数计算

将CMR图像传输至AW4.3工作站(Advantage Windows version 4.3; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wis)并通过Report Card 4.6软件进行图像观察和数据测量。心室形态和功能学参数测量方法如下:选择短轴位FIESTA序列图像,手动描记自心尖至心底各层面RV和LV的心外膜及心内膜轮廓,分别将心室容积达最大、最小的时相分别定义为舒张末期和收缩末期。心室容积包括其流出道容积,乳头肌和肌小梁计入心室腔内部分,其质量不计入心室质量。RV心肌质量为其游离壁心肌的质量,室间隔心肌的质量计入LV心肌质量。手动描记心室心外膜及心内膜轮廓后,软件可自动计算心室形态和功能学参数,并经体表面积(body surface area, BSA)校正后用于统计学分析,包括RV和LV的舒张末期容积指数(end-diastolic volume index, EDVI)、收缩末期容积指数(end-systolic volume index, ESVI)、每搏输出量指数(stroke volume index, SVI)、心指数(cardiac index, CI)、射血分数(ejection fraction, EF)、心肌质量指数(myocardial mass index, MMI)。体表面积(body surface area, BSA)估算公式为:BSA(m2)=0.006, 1×身高(cm)+0.012, 8×体重(kg)-0.152, 9。

统计学方法

采用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行统计数据分析。计量资料以均数±标准差(Mean±SD)来表示。采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA检验)比较三组间心功能参数的差别,事后多重比较用LSD检验。在RHC结果分析中,PH患者IVS无形变组和IVS有形变组的RHC参数,采用独立样本t检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

一般资料

36例PH患者,按照IVS有无形变分为两组:IVS无形变组(10例)(图 1B,图 1E)和IVS有形变组(26例)(图 1C,图 1F)。PH患者和健康志愿者(图 1A,图 1D)的一般资料见表 1。
1

CMR图像,上行为短轴位,下行为四腔心位。A、D为正常对照组:女性,26岁;B、E为IVS无形变组:女性,65岁,mPAP=44 mmHg,IVS未发生形变;C、F为IVS有形变组:女性,31岁,mPAP=54 mmHg,RV明显增大,IVS形变并向左偏。

CMR imaging. Upper row is short axis image, and lower row is four-chamber image. Images A and D are in control group: female, 26 years old. Images B and E are in non-deformation group: female, 65 years old, mPAP=44 mmHg, IVS no deformation. Images C and F are in deformation group: female, 31 years old, mPAP=54 mmHg, RV enlarged significantly, IVS deformation.

1

一般资料

Normal information

ParametersControl groupIVS non-deformation groupIVS deformation groupFP
There was statistically significant among IVS deformation group, control group, and IVS non-deformation group, while no significant difference in the control group and IVS no-deformation group. HR: heart rate; BSA: body surface area.
Female (Total)2 (22)3 (10)3 (26)
Age (year)40.9±9.243.9±12.645.6±16.91.4520.360
HR (bpm)68.6±10.871.9±13.586.8±10.921.854< 0.001
BSA (kg/m2)1.68±0.161.65±0.191.68±0.220.1080.660
CMR图像,上行为短轴位,下行为四腔心位。A、D为正常对照组:女性,26岁;B、E为IVS无形变组:女性,65岁,mPAP=44 mmHg,IVS未发生形变;C、F为IVS有形变组:女性,31岁,mPAP=54 mmHg,RV明显增大,IVS形变并向左偏。 CMR imaging. Upper row is short axis image, and lower row is four-chamber image. Images A and D are in control group: female, 26 years old. Images B and E are in non-deformation group: female, 65 years old, mPAP=44 mmHg, IVS no deformation. Images C and F are in deformation group: female, 31 years old, mPAP=54 mmHg, RV enlarged significantly, IVS deformation. 一般资料 Normal information

RHC结果

36例PH患者的RHC结果见表 2,IVS有形变组的平均肺动脉压(mean pulmonary arterial pressure, mPAP)、肺动脉收缩压(systolic pulmonary artery pressure, sPAP)、肺动脉舒张压(diatolic pulmonary artery pressure, dPAP)和肺血管阻力(pulmonary vascular resistance, PVR)均大于IVS无形变组。
2

RHC结果

The result of RHC

RHC parametersIVS non-deformation groupIVS deformation grouptP
mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; sPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; dPAP: diatolic pulmonary artery pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance.
mPAP (mmHg)40.9±8.455.4±14.7-2.9250.006
sPAP (mmHg)68.40±18.6890.69±23.44-2.6890.011
dPAP (mmHg)23.10±6.9733.12±12.35-2.4080.022
PVR(Wood)10.27±3.6016.61±6.72-2.8150.001
RHC结果 The result of RHC

心室功能参数的比较

IVS无形变组、IVS有形变组与对照组相比较,三组间心室功能参数比较见表 3。ANOVA分析三组整体结果显示,RVEDVI、RVESVI、RVSVI、RVCI、RVEF、RVMMI、LVEDVI、LVESVI、LVSVI、LVCI均存在统计学差异;而LVEF、LVMMI均无统计学差异。事后三组组间比较:(1)RV功能参数比较:IVS无形变组与对照组相比,RVEF显著减低,RVSVI减低。IVS有形变组与IVS无形变组相比,RVEDVI、RVESVI、RVCI、RVMMI均显著升高;而RVEF显著减低。IVS有形变组与对照组相比,RVEDVI、RVESVI、RVCI、RVMMI均显著升高;RVEF显著减低。(2)LV功能参数比较:IVS无形变组与对照组相比,LVEDVI、LVSVI减低。IVS有形变组与无形变组相比,LVEDVI、LVSVI显著减低,LVCI减低。IVS有形变组与对照组相比,LVEDVI、LVESVI、LVSVI、LVCI均显著减低。
3

IVS无形变组、IVS有形变组与对照组三组各心室功能参数

Ventricular function parameters of IVS non-deformation group, IVS deformation group and control group

Ventricular function parametersControl groupIVS non-deformation groupIVS deformation groupFPP1P2P3
RVEDVI: right ventricle end-diastolic volume index; RVESVI: right ventricle end-systolic volume index; RVSVI: right ventricle stroke volume index; RVCI: right ventricle cardiac index; RVEF: right ventricle ejection fraction; RVMMI: right ventricle myocardial mass index; LVEDVI: left ventricle end-diastolic volume index; LVESVI: left ventricle end-systolic volume index; LVSVI: left ventricle stroke volume index; LVCI: left ventricle cardiac index; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; LVMMI: left ventricle myocardial mass index. P: Statistical results among the three groups; P1: the control group compared with the IVS non-deformation group; P2: the control group compared with the IVS deformation group; P3: IVS no-deformation group compared with IVS deformation group.
RV ventricular function parameters
  RVEDVI (mL/m2)78.54±11.8870.68±16.13121.32±31.5027.20< 0.0010.382< 0.001< 0.001
  RVESVI (mL/m2)35.97±7.3840.73±8.1483.68±21.1065.59< 0.0010.417< 0.001< 0.001
  RVSVI (mL/m2)42.58±7.1629.95±11.2637.64±17.593.070.0450.0170.2100.130
  RVCI (L/m2)2.89±0.462.11±0.934.83±3.297.360.0010.3690.0040.002
  RVEF (%)54.34±5.8541.45±9.3830.56±10.2444.85< 0.001< 0.001< 0.0010.001
  RVMMI (g/m2)15.74±9.7814.79±2.6747.06±1.645.740.0050.9440.0030.017
LV ventricular function parameters
  LVEDVI (mL/m2)83.44±15.9070.31±25.4350.43±13.8822.72< 0.0010.048< 0.0010.003
  LVESVI (mL/m2)36.18±13.5929.99±17.8122.39±7.407.720.0010.187< 0.0010.098
  LVSVI (mL/m2)47.41±6.3340.29±9.0528.04±7.6841.10< 0.0010.015< 0.001< 0.001
  LVCI (L/m2)3.22±0.452.90±0.842.39±0.6011.31< 0.0010.169< 0.0010.029
  LVEF (%)58.38±8.8659.29±7.1455.92±5.841.060.3540.7470.2520.222
  LVMMI (g/m2)42.82±7.6439.89±5.2641.31±9.430.470.6250.3540.5300.642
IVS无形变组、IVS有形变组与对照组三组各心室功能参数 Ventricular function parameters of IVS non-deformation group, IVS deformation group and control group

讨论

本研究中,IVS有形变组的肺动脉压力(mPAPsPAPdPAP)及肺循环阻力(PVR)增高程度均明显高于IVS无形变组。正常人的LV压力远高于RV压力,形成左心向右心的正性跨IVS压力梯度,IVS突向RV侧,短轴位示RV呈新月形,LV呈类圆形。PH患者的肺动脉压力增高,RV后负荷随之加重,正性跨IVS压力梯度逐渐减低,达到一定程度即可导致IVS向LV侧出现偏移,LV变形呈“D”形;当RV舒张压高于LV舒张压5 mmHg,则会出现IVS向左弓形突出(leftward ventricular septal bowing, LVSB),呈现出以右心为主导的状态[。由此可见,IVS形态的变化与两心室的压力变化密切相关,IVS的形态在一定程度上能够代表PH的严重程度。

PH患者IVS不同形态下RV功能特点

本研究结果表明,IVS尚未发生形变时,PH患者的RVEDV和RVESV亦无明显改变;然而,RVSV和RVEF已发生明显变化,且较正常组显著减低。RVSV和RVEF的减低反映了RV收缩功能受损,也提示了RV收缩功能受损出现在PH早期,可作为提示PH的早期指标。PH导致肺血管压力增高,肺循环阻力增加造成的RV后负荷增加,这是RVSV和RVEF降低的主要原因[。 当IVS发生形变后,RVEDV、RVESV、RVMM均增高。RVEDV和RVESV的增高代表RV心腔的扩大,即RV心腔扩大不仅是RV游离壁外膨的结果,IVS的形变也起到一定作用。RVMM的增高则代表RV心肌质量的增加,反映了随着肺动脉压力的增高和病程的延长,RV心肌代偿性增厚的程度增加。本研究中的有形变组和无形变组PH患者的RVSV无差别,说明RV心腔扩大和心肌增厚的代偿性改变使得RV尚能维持其先前已经受损的SV,而且有形变组的RVCO高于无形变组,这可能是由于PH患者RV心肌壁增厚或心腔扩大等一系列变化和代偿机制允许RVSV增加来维持其心输出量[。然而,IVS有形变组PH患者的RVEF低于无形变组,说明RV收缩功能受损程度进一步加重[。

PH患者IVS不同形态下LV功能特点

IVS无形变组的LVEDV和LVSV明显低于正常对照组,说明PH早期即对LV功能产生了影响。其可能的机制是,RV收缩功能受损使肺循环血量减少,进而LV回心血量减少而影响其充盈,出现LVEDV及LVSV降低[。 IVS发生形变后LVEDV和LVSV进一步明显降低,而且LVCO也出现了明显减低,但其LVEF无明显下降,提示LV收缩功能未明显受损。PH患者肺循环压力明显增高,而对于体循环压力无直接影响,即对LV的压力负荷无直接影响[。因此,LVEDV、LVSV和LVCO的降低主要由于LV容量负荷降低导致的。先前研究认为主要有两方面的机制:一方面是RV功能受损,造成的LV回心血量减少;另一方面是IVS的左移亦限制了LV在舒张早期的充盈[。而IVS有形变组较无形变组的RVSV并未明显降低,甚至有增高趋势,又因IVS有形变组的心率增加,RVCO随之升高。这些参数的变化说明虽然IVS有形变组的RVEF进一步降低,收缩功能进一步受损,但相应的代偿机制能够维持RV的输出量,即维持LV的回心血量。本研究发现IVS有形变组PH患者LVEDV较无形变组降低,说明IVS形变限制了LV的充盈,造成LVEDV、LVSV和LVCO降低的主要原因可能是IVS左移限制了LV的充盈。 本研究存在一些不足之处:(1)本研究样本量相对较少、不平衡。就诊时PH大多已进展为中至重度,而IVS形态未发生形变者样本量较少。(2)CMR检查时间较长,需要配合屏气,不适用于心功能极差的PH病人。 综上,RVEF在IVS无形变时即受损,而LVEF并未明显受损,说明IVS无形变时RV收缩功能受损可能对全心功能的改变起显著作用;而IVS发生形变则提示RV收缩功能进一步受损,LV充盈受限,LV功能发生明显异常。IVS形变是易于观察且表现直观的形态学特征,通过观察IVS形变可推测PH患者心室功能的变化,对于临床制定PH患者干预方案有一定的参考价值。
  19 in total

Review 1.  Anatomy and physiology of the right ventricle.

Authors:  Louis J Dell'Italia
Journal:  Cardiol Clin       Date:  2012-05       Impact factor: 2.213

2.  Changes in right ventricular function measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients receiving pulmonary arterial hypertension-targeted therapy: the EURO-MR study.

Authors:  Andrew J Peacock; Stephen Crawley; Lindsey McLure; Kevin G Blyth; Carmine Dario Vizza; Roberto Poscia; Marco Francone; Ilaria Iacucci; Horst Olschewski; Gabor Kovacs; Anton Vonk Noordegraaf; J Tim Marcus; Marielle C van de Veerdonk; Frank P T Oosterveer
Journal:  Circ Cardiovasc Imaging       Date:  2013-10-30       Impact factor: 7.792

3.  Right ventricular diastolic impairment in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Authors:  Silvia Rain; M Louis Handoko; Pia Trip; C Tji-Joong Gan; Nico Westerhof; Ger J Stienen; Walter J Paulus; Coen A C Ottenheijm; J Tim Marcus; Peter Dorfmüller; Christophe Guignabert; Marc Humbert; Peter Macdonald; Cris Dos Remedios; Piet E Postmus; Chandra Saripalli; Carlos G Hidalgo; Henk L Granzier; Anton Vonk-Noordegraaf; Jolanda van der Velden; Frances S de Man
Journal:  Circulation       Date:  2013-09-20       Impact factor: 29.690

4.  Regional and global biventricular function in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a cardiac MR imaging study.

Authors:  Monda L Shehata; Ahmed A Harouni; Jan Skrok; Tamer A Basha; Danielle Boyce; Noah Lechtzin; Stephen C Mathai; Reda Girgis; Nael F Osman; João A C Lima; David A Bluemke; Paul M Hassoun; Jens Vogel-Claussen
Journal:  Radiology       Date:  2012-11-14       Impact factor: 11.105

5.  Comparison of echocardiographic parameters to assess right ventricular function in pulmonary hypertension.

Authors:  Hirohisa Amano; Shichiro Abe; Suguru Hirose; Ryutaro Waku; Taiki Masuyama; Masashi Sakuma; Shigeru Toyoda; Isao Taguchi; Teruo Inoue; Chuwa Tei
Journal:  Heart Vessels       Date:  2017-05-19       Impact factor: 2.037

6.  Three-dimensional analysis of interventricular septal curvature from cardiac magnetic resonance images for the evaluation of patients with pulmonary hypertension.

Authors:  M Agustina Sciancalepore; Francesco Maffessanti; Amit R Patel; Mardi Gomberg-Maitland; Sonal Chandra; Benjamin H Freed; Enrico G Caiani; Roberto M Lang; Victor Mor-Avi
Journal:  Int J Cardiovasc Imaging       Date:  2011-06-22       Impact factor: 2.357

7.  Interventricular septal configuration at mr imaging and pulmonary arterial pressure in pulmonary hypertension.

Authors:  Roald J Roeleveld; J Tim Marcus; Theo J C Faes; Tji-Joong Gan; Anco Boonstra; Pieter E Postmus; Anton Vonk-Noordegraaf
Journal:  Radiology       Date:  2005-01-05       Impact factor: 11.105

8.  [Measurements of Pulmonary Artery Size for Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Clinical Application].

Authors:  Fan Yang; Dong Li; Zhenwen Yang; Zhang Zhang; Dan Wang; Tielian Yu
Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi       Date:  2017-02-20

Review 9.  Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of pulmonary hypertension: a practical approach to the current state of the art.

Authors:  Andrew J Swift; Jim M Wild; Scott K Nagle; Alejandro Roldán-Alzate; Christopher J François; Sean Fain; Kevin Johnson; Dave Capener; Edwin J R van Beek; David G Kiely; Kang Wang; Mark L Schiebler
Journal:  J Thorac Imaging       Date:  2014-03       Impact factor: 3.000

Review 10.  Cardiac magnetic resonance findings predicting mortality in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Authors:  Vivan J M Baggen; Tim Leiner; Marco C Post; Arie P van Dijk; Jolien W Roos-Hesselink; Eric Boersma; Jesse Habets; Gertjan Tj Sieswerda
Journal:  Eur Radiol       Date:  2016-02-04       Impact factor: 5.315

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