Efficient genome editing in Fusarium oxysporum based on CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes.

The Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) is an economically important group of pathogenic filamentous fungi that are able to infect both animals and plants. Reverse genetic techniques, including gene disruption/deletion methods, to study these fungi are available although limitations exist resulting in decreased efficiency. Herein we describe a gene editing system developed using a F. oxysporum-optimized Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and protoplast transformation method. The Cas9 protein and sgRNA were assembled to form a stable RNP in vitro and this complex was transferred into fungal protoplasts for gene editing with PEG-mediated transformation. In order to determine if the Cas9 RNP system is functional in the FOSC protoplasts and assess the efficacy of the system, two genes, URA5 and URA3, were selected for targeted disruption generating uracil auxotroph mutants that are resistant to 5-fluoroorotic acid, 5-FOA. In addition, a gene in a secondary metabolite biosynthetic cluster, the ortholog of BIK1, was mutated using this system and the maximum efficiency of this gene disruption was about 50%. Further analysis of the bik1 mutant confirmed that this polyketide synthase was involved in the synthesis of the red pigment, bikaverin. The mutants generated in this study displayed the strong expected phenotypes, demonstrating this F. oxysporum-optimized CRISPR/Cas9 system is stable and can efficiently disrupt the genes of interest.