Morphological Observation and Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Clostridium perfringens Biofilm and Planktonic Cells.

Bacterial biofilms can enhance survival in adverse environments and promote infection. However, little is known about biofilm formation by Clostridium perfringens. To better characterize this process, we used SEM to observe the surfaces of C. perfringens biofilms after 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation. Biofilm cells appeared to be encased in a dense matrix material, and the total biomass of the biofilm increased with incubation time. To gain insight into the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between biofilm and planktonic cells, we carried out comparative transcriptomic analysis using RNA sequencing. In total, 91 genes were significantly differentially expressed, with 40 being up-regulated and 51 down-regulated. In particular, genes encoding sortase, ribosomal proteins, and ATP synthase were up-regulated in biofilms, while genes coding for clostripain and phospholipase C were down-regulated. To validate the RNA sequencing results, qRT-PCR analysis was performed using five randomly selected DEGs. Results showed that all five genes were up-regulated, which was in accordance with the RNA sequencing results. To examine the functional differences, the DEGs were characterized by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. Results showed that the up-regulated genes were divided into 32 significantly enriched GO terms, with "macromolecular complex" being the most common. Oxidative phosphorylation was the only significantly enriched pathway, suggesting that ATP is required for biofilm stability. This study provides valuable insights into the morphology and transcriptional regulation of C. perfringens during biofilm formation, and will be useful for understanding and developing biofilm-based processes.