The need for a paradigm shift in adherence research: The case of ADHD.

Nonadherence to long-term medications attenuates optimum health outcomes. There is an abundance of research on measuring and identifying factors affecting medication adherence in a range of chronic medical conditions. However, there is a lack of standardisation in adherence research, namely in the methods and measures used. In the case of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, this lack of standardisation makes it difficult to compare and combine findings and to draw meaningful conclusions. Standardisation should commence with a universally accepted categorisation or taxonomy of adherence which takes into consideration the dynamic nature of medication-taking. This should then be followed by the use of valid and reliable measures of adherence which can accurately quantify adherence at any of its phases, and provide useful information which can be utilised in planning targeted interventions to improve adherence throughout the patient medication-taking journey.