Interannual variability in Dinophysis spp. abundance and toxin accumulation in farmed mussels (Perna perna) in a subtropical estuary.

This study evaluated an 8-year dataset (2007 to 2015, except 2008) in the attempt to identify the most susceptible periods for the occurrence of diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) episodes associated with the presence of toxigenic dinoflagellates, Dinophysis spp., in the mussel farming area of Babitonga Bay (southern Brazil). Dinophysis acuminata complex was the most frequent (present in 66% of the samples) and abundant (max. 4100 cells L-1) taxon, followed by D. caudata (14%; max. 640 cells L-1) and D. tripos (0.9%; max. 50 cells L-1). There was a marked onset of the annual rise in Dinophysis spp. abundance during weeks 21-25 (early winter) of each year, followed by a second peak on week 35 (spring). Mussel (Perna perna) samples usually started testing positive in DSP mouse bioassays (MBA) in late winter. Positive results were more frequent in 2007 and 2011 when the mean D. acuminata complex abundance was ~ 500 cells L-1. Although positive DSP-MBA results were observed in only 11% of the samples during the studied period, the toxin okadaic acid (OA) was present in 90% of the analyzed mussels (max. 264 μg kg-1). MBA results were positive when D. acuminata complex cell densities exceed 1200 ± 300 cells L-1, while trace toxin amounts could be detected at cell densities as low as 150 ± 50 cells L-1 (free OA) to 200 ± 100 cells L-1 (conjugated OA). Low salinity and the meteorological conditions triggered by La Niña events were the main factors associated with both Dinophysis abundance and OA accumulation in mussels.