Gold Nanoparticles in Radiotherapy and Recent Progress in Nanobrachytherapy.

Over the last few decades, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have emerged as "radiosensitizers" in oncology. Radiosensitizers are additives that can enhance the effects of radiation on biological tissues treated with radiotherapy. The interaction of photons with GNPs leads to the emission of low-energy and short-range secondary electrons, which in turn increase the dose deposited in tissues. In this context, GNPs are the subject of intensive theoretical and experimental studies aiming at optimizing the parameters leading to greater dose enhancement and highest therapeutic effect. This review describes the main mechanisms occurring between photons and GNPs that lead to dose enhancement. The outcome of theoretical simulations of the interactions between GNPs and photons is presented. Finally, the findings of the most recent in vivo studies about interactions between GNPs and photon sources (e.g., external beams, brachytherapy sources, and molecules labeled with radioisotopes) are described. The advantages and challenges inherent to each of these approaches are discussed. Future directions, providing new guidelines for the successful translation of GNPs into clinical applications, are also highlighted.