Danielle C DeVille1, Kara L Kerr1, Jason A Avery2, Kaiping Burrows3, Jerzy Bodurka4, Justin S Feinstein5, Sahib S Khalsa5, Martin P Paulus5, W Kyle Simmons6. 1. Laureate Institute for Brain Research, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 2. Laureate Institute for Brain Research, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. 3. Laureate Institute for Brain Research, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 4. Laureate Institute for Brain Research, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma; College of Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 5. Laureate Institute for Brain Research, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 6. Laureate Institute for Brain Research, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Electronic address: wksimmons@laureateinstitute.org.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Theoretical models assert that the brain's interoceptive network links external stimuli with their interoceptive consequences, thereby supporting later recall of these associations to guide the selection of healthy behaviors. If these accounts are correct, previously reported interoceptive abnormalities in major depressive disorder (MDD) should lead to altered recall of associations between external stimuli and their interoceptive (somatic) consequences. To date, the processes underlying interoceptive recall have never been experimentally investigated. METHODS: We designed and implemented the Interoceptive Encoding and Recall task to compare interoceptive and exteroceptive recall among subjects with MDD (n = 24) and healthy comparison subjects (n = 21). During the encoding phase, subjects learned to pair neutral visual cues (geometric shapes) with aversive interoceptive and exteroceptive stimuli. Later, while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging, subjects were prompted to recall the stimulus associated with each shape. RESULTS: Interoceptive recall, relative to exteroceptive recall, was associated with bilateral mid-to-posterior insula activation. Relative to the healthy control participants, participants with depression exhibited marked hypoactivation of the right dorsal mid-insula during interoceptive recall. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy control subjects, simply recalling a stimulus associated with a previous interoceptive challenge activated a key region in the brain's interoceptive network. Although previous research has linked MDD with aberrant processing of interoceptive stimuli, the current study is the first to demonstrate that individuals with MDD exhibit decreased insula activity while recalling interoceptive memories. It is possible that insula hypoactivation during interoceptive recall may affect the representation of prior interoceptive experiences in ways that contribute to depressive symptomology and the relationship between depression and systemic health.
BACKGROUND: Theoretical models assert that the brain's interoceptive network links external stimuli with their interoceptive consequences, thereby supporting later recall of these associations to guide the selection of healthy behaviors. If these accounts are correct, previously reported interoceptive abnormalities in major depressive disorder (MDD) should lead to altered recall of associations between external stimuli and their interoceptive (somatic) consequences. To date, the processes underlying interoceptive recall have never been experimentally investigated. METHODS: We designed and implemented the Interoceptive Encoding and Recall task to compare interoceptive and exteroceptive recall among subjects with MDD (n = 24) and healthy comparison subjects (n = 21). During the encoding phase, subjects learned to pair neutral visual cues (geometric shapes) with aversive interoceptive and exteroceptive stimuli. Later, while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging, subjects were prompted to recall the stimulus associated with each shape. RESULTS: Interoceptive recall, relative to exteroceptive recall, was associated with bilateral mid-to-posterior insula activation. Relative to the healthy control participants, participants with depression exhibited marked hypoactivation of the right dorsal mid-insula during interoceptive recall. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy control subjects, simply recalling a stimulus associated with a previous interoceptive challenge activated a key region in the brain's interoceptive network. Although previous research has linked MDD with aberrant processing of interoceptive stimuli, the current study is the first to demonstrate that individuals with MDD exhibit decreased insula activity while recalling interoceptive memories. It is possible that insula hypoactivation during interoceptive recall may affect the representation of prior interoceptive experiences in ways that contribute to depressive symptomology and the relationship between depression and systemic health.
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