Effects of language experience and task demands on talker recognition by children and adults.

Talker recognition is a language-dependent process, with listeners recognizing talkers better when the talkers speak a familiar versus an unfamiliar language. This language familiarity effect (LFE) is firmly established in adults, but its developmental trajectory in children is not well understood. Some evidence suggests that the effect already exists in infancy, but little is known about how it unfolds in childhood. The present study explored whether the strength of the LFE increases in early childhood. Adults and children were tested in their native language and a foreign language using a "same-different" talker discrimination task and a "voice line-up" talker recognition task. Results showed that adults and 6-year-olds, but not 5-year-olds, exhibit a robust LFE, suggesting that the effect strengthens as children's language competence increases. For both adults and older children, the emergence of an LFE moreover appeared to be task-dependent. This study contributes to a better understanding of how children develop mature talker recognition abilities and when children's processing of indexical and linguistic information in speech approaches adult-like levels. Furthermore, the findings reported here contribute to the debates regarding the origins of the LFE-a hallmark of adult talker recognition.