Júlia Prestes da Rocha Silva1, Fernanda Junqueira Salles2, Isabelle Nogueira Leroux3, Ana Paula Sacone da Silva Ferreira4, Agnes Soares da Silva5, Nilson Antonio Assunção6, Adelaide Cassia Nardocci7, Ana Paula Sayuri Sato8, Fernando Barbosa9, Maria Regina Alves Cardoso10, Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio11. 1. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: juliaprestesrocha@hotmail.com. 2. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: fjsalles@usp.br. 3. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: isabelle.leroux@usp.br. 4. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: saconeap@usp.br. 5. Sustainable Development and Health Equity, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States. 6. Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: nilson.assuncao@gmail.com. 7. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: nardocci@usp.br. 8. Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: aps.sato@gmail.com. 9. Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: fbarbosa@fcfrp.usp.br. 10. Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: rcardoso@usp.br. 11. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: kellypko@usp.br.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A previous study observed high blood lead levels (BLL) in preschool children attending 50 day care centers (DCC) in São Paulo, Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To identify whether lead levels found in both homes and DCC environments are associated with high blood lead levels. METHODS: Children attending 4 DCCs, quoted here as NR, VA, PS and PF, were divided into two groups according to BLL: high exposure (HE: ≥13.9 μg/dL; 97.5 percentile of the 2013 year sample) and low exposure (LE: <5 μg/dL). For in situ lead measurements (lead paint mode: mg/cm2 and ROHS mode: μg/g) in the children's households and in the DCC environments, a field portable X-ray-fluorescence analyzer was used. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to control for confounding factors. Odds ratios were adjusted for age, sex, day care center's measured lead, and tobacco. RESULTS: In an NR DCC building, 33.8% of the measurements had lead levels >600 μg/g, whereas such levels were observed in 77.1% of NR playground measurements. In VA DCC, 22% and 23% of the measurements in the building and in the playgrounds had levels higher than 600 μg/g, respectively. The percentage of high lead levels in the children's houses of the LE group was 5.9% (95% CI: 4.3-7.6%) and 13.2 (95% CI: 8.3-18.0%) in the HE group. Moreover, a significant association was found between high BLLs and lead levels found both in households and DCCs (p < 0.001). Most of the high lead measurements were found in tiles and playground equipment. CONCLUSIONS: Lead exposure estimated from the DCCs, where children spend about 10 h/day, can be as relevant as their household exposure. Therefore, public authorities should render efforts to provide a rigorous surveillance for lead-free painting supplies and for all objects offered to children.
BACKGROUND: A previous study observed high blood lead levels (BLL) in preschool children attending 50 day care centers (DCC) in São Paulo, Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To identify whether lead levels found in both homes and DCC environments are associated with high blood lead levels. METHODS:Children attending 4 DCCs, quoted here as NR, VA, PS and PF, were divided into two groups according to BLL: high exposure (HE: ≥13.9 μg/dL; 97.5 percentile of the 2013 year sample) and low exposure (LE: <5 μg/dL). For in situ lead measurements (lead paint mode: mg/cm2 and ROHS mode: μg/g) in the children's households and in the DCC environments, a field portable X-ray-fluorescence analyzer was used. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to control for confounding factors. Odds ratios were adjusted for age, sex, day care center's measured lead, and tobacco. RESULTS: In an NR DCC building, 33.8% of the measurements had lead levels >600 μg/g, whereas such levels were observed in 77.1% of NR playground measurements. In VA DCC, 22% and 23% of the measurements in the building and in the playgrounds had levels higher than 600 μg/g, respectively. The percentage of high lead levels in the children's houses of the LE group was 5.9% (95% CI: 4.3-7.6%) and 13.2 (95% CI: 8.3-18.0%) in the HE group. Moreover, a significant association was found between high BLLs and lead levels found both in households and DCCs (p < 0.001). Most of the high lead measurements were found in tiles and playground equipment. CONCLUSIONS: Lead exposure estimated from the DCCs, where children spend about 10 h/day, can be as relevant as their household exposure. Therefore, public authorities should render efforts to provide a rigorous surveillance for lead-free painting supplies and for all objects offered to children.
Authors: Yuri Levin-Schwartz; Chris Gennings; Birgit Claus Henn; Brent A Coull; Donatella Placidi; Roberto Lucchini; Donald R Smith; Robert O Wright Journal: Environ Res Date: 2020-01-20 Impact factor: 6.498
Authors: Isabelle Nogueira Leroux; Ana Paula Sacone da Silva Ferreira; Júlia Prestes da Rocha Silva; Flávio Ferreira Bezerra; Fábio Ferreira da Silva; Fernanda Junqueira Salles; Maciel Santos Luz; Nílson Antônio de Assunção; Maria Regina Alves Cardoso; Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio Journal: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Date: 2018-09-11 Impact factor: 4.223
Authors: Isabelle Nogueira Leroux; Ana Paula Sacone da Silva Ferreira; Fernanda Pollo Paniz; Tatiana Pedron; Fernanda Junqueira Salles; Fábio Ferreira da Silva; Heloisa França Maltez; Bruno Lemos Batista; Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2018-08-18 Impact factor: 3.390