Ultrasensitive colorimetric determination of silver(I) based on the peroxidase mimicking activity of a hybrid material composed of graphitic carbon nitride and platinum nanoparticles.

A hybrid material composed of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) with peroxidase mimicking activity was used to design a rapid, sensitive and low-cost colorimetric method for the determination of Ag(I). The g-C3N4-PtNPs hybrid was synthesized by reduction of chloroplatinic acid using sodium borohydride under ultrasonication and in the presence of g-C3N4. The hybrid can catalyze the oxidation 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to produce a blue-colored product with an absorption maximum at 652 nm. On addition of Ag(I) and in the presence of citric acid, it will be reduced to form Ag(0) under the catalytic action of PtNPs. Ag(0) is then adsorbed on the surface of the g-C3N4-PtNPs. This results in the inhibition of the enzyme mimetic activity of the hybrid. Hence, less blue product will be formed from TMB. Under optimum conditions, Ag(I) can be quantified in the 0.05-5.0 nM concentration range with a 22 pM detection limit. This assay is rapid and reliable and was applied to the determination of Ag(I) in spiked real water samples. Graphical abstract A hybrid nanomaterial consisting of graphitic carbon nitride and platinum nanoparticles (g-C3N4-PtNPs) can catalyze the oxidation of tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to produce a blue-colored product (TMBox). The enzyme mimetic activity of the hybrid is inhibited by Ag+, thereby decreasing the generation of blue product from TMB.