| Literature DB >> 29701717 |
Andre M N Renzaho1,2, Stanley Chitekwe3, Wen Chen4,5, Sanjay Rijal6, Thakur Dhakal7, Pradiumna Dahal8.
Abstract
Entities:
Year: 2018 PMID: 29701717 PMCID: PMC5981908 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050869
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health ISSN: 1660-4601 Impact factor: 3.390
Summary statistics of the matching variables and estimates of logit regression models for stage 1 of propensity score matching.
| Matching Variables | All | Intervention | Control | Logit Model | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | |||||||||||||||
|
| Mean | SD |
| Mean | SD |
| Mean | SD |
| Mean | SD |
| Mean | SD | Coefficient | SE | ||
| People per household | 3000 | 750 | 750 | 750 | 750 | |||||||||||||
| 4 people or less | 15.3% | 36.0% | 13.5% | 34.2% | 21.2% | 40.9% | 15.3% | 36.1% | 15.3% | 36.1% | 0.40 | 0.14 | 0.004 | |||||
| 5–8 people | 63.8% | 48.1% | 64.8% | 47.8% | 65.2% | 47.7% | 60.5% | 48.9% | 60.5% | 48.9% | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.111 | |||||
| 9 people or above | 20.8% | 40.6% | 21.7% | 41.3% | 13.6% | 34.3% | 24.1% | 42.8% | 24.1% | 42.8% |
| |||||||
| Household wealth index | 2899 | 724 | 710 | 731 | 731 | |||||||||||||
| Poor | 60.0% | 49.0% | 89.1% | 31.2% | 54.2% | 49.9% | 10.1% | 30.2% | 10.1% | 30.2% | 2.17 | 0.13 | 0.000 | |||||
| Middle class | 20.0% | 40.0% | 9.7% | 29.6% | 35.9% | 48.0% | 23.9% | 42.7% | 23.9% | 42.7% | 2.08 | 0.15 | 0.000 | |||||
| Rich | 20.0% | 40.0% | 1.2% | 11.1% | 9.9% | 29.8% | 65.9% | 47.4% | 65.9% | 47.4% |
| |||||||
| Child’s age in months | 3000 | 27.98 | 15.53 | 750 | 28.66 | 15.36 | 750 | 28.4 | 15.71 | 750 | 28.08 | 15.4 | 750 | 28.08 | 15.4 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.045 |
| Child’s gender | 3000 | 750 | 750 | 750 | 750 | |||||||||||||
| Girl | 43.4% | 49.6% | 44.8% | 49.8% | 43.6% | 49.6% | 43.7% | 49.6% | 43.7% | 49.6% | Reference | |||||||
| Boy | 56.6% | 49.6% | 55.2% | 49.8% | 56.4% | 49.6% | 56.3% | 49.6% | 56.3% | 49.6% | −0.08 | 0.08 | 0.322 | |||||
| Ethnicity | 3000 | 750 | 750 | 750 | 750 | |||||||||||||
| Disadvantage ethnic groups | 0.4% | 6.6% | 1.5% | 12.0% | 0.1% | 3.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 2.04 | 1.04 | 0.050 | |||||
| Dalit Hill/Terai | 21.1% | 40.8% | 21.3% | 41.0% | 25.5% | 43.6% | 16.8% | 37.4% | 16.8% | 37.4% | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.911 | |||||
| Upper caste Group | 78.5% | 41.1% | 77.2% | 42.0% | 74.4% | 43.7% | 83.2% | 37.4% | 83.2% | 37.4% | Reference | |||||||
| Father’s education | 3000 | 750 | 750 | 750 | 750 | |||||||||||||
| Intermediate or higher | 12.6% | 33.2% | 2.1% | 14.5% | 16.8% | 37.4% | 5.6% | 23.1% | 25.9% | 43.8% | Reference | |||||||
| Secondary level | 30.0% | 45.8% | 33.1% | 47.1% | 22.3% | 41.6% | 38.3% | 48.6% | 26.4% | 44.1% | −0.05 | 0.14 | 0.744 | |||||
| Primary or less | 57.4% | 49.5% | 64.8% | 47.8% | 60.9% | 48.8% | 56.1% | 49.7% | 47.7% | 50.0% | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.052 | |||||
Evaluation of standardized differences in matched sample.
| Intervention | Comparison | % Bias | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmatched | Matched | Unmatched | Matched | ||
|
| |||||
| 4 people or less | 0.159 | 0.082 | 0.128 | 0.118 | −10.30 |
| 5–8 people | 0.657 | 0.664 | 0.629 | 0.659 | 1.20 |
| 9 people or more | 0.184 | 0.254 | 0.243 | 0.223 | 7.40 |
|
| |||||
| Poor | 0.717 | 0.648 | 0.484 | 0.683 | −7.40 |
| Middle class | 0.227 | 0.275 | 0.174 | 0.240 | 8.80 |
| Rich | 0.056 | 0.077 | 0.342 | 0.077 | 0.00 |
|
| 28.341 | 25.429 | 27.476 | 27.602 | −14.00 |
|
| |||||
| Girl | 0.438 | 0.395 | 0.429 | 0.421 | 5.30 |
| Boy | 0.562 | 0.605 | 0.571 | 0.579 | −5.30 |
|
| |||||
| Disadvantage ethnic groups | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.00 |
| Dalit Hill/Terai | 0.224 | 0.208 | 0.179 | 0.212 | −1.00 |
| Upper caste Group | 0.768 | 0.791 | 0.820 | 0.787 | 1.00 |
|
| |||||
| Primary or less | 0.630 | 0.496 | 0.519 | 0.540 | −8.90 |
| Secondary level | 0.277 | 0.378 | 0.323 | 0.338 | 8.70 |
| Intermediate or higher | 0.093 | 0.127 | 0.158 | 0.122 | −1.20 |
Program impact on child undernutrition.
| Original Dataset | Matched Dataset: Matching Algorithms | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comparison | Intervention | Comparison | Intervention | Kernel ! | Nearest Neighbor ! | Radius !# | ||||||||||
| ADID | 95% CI | ADID | 95% CI | ADID | 95% CI | ADID | 95% CI | |||||||||
| Girls a | ||||||||||||||||
| Height | 77.2 (10.3) | 77.8 (10.9) | 78.7 (11.1) | 78.8 (11.7) | 0.17 | −0.05 | 0.40 | 0.65 | −0.87 | 2.18 | 0.01 | −1.43 | 1.45 | 0.69 | −0.99 | 2.36 |
| Weight | 9.3 (2.4) | 9.3 (2.5) | 9.7 (2.6) | 9.8 (2.9) | 0.31 *** | 0.22 | 0.40 | 0.32 | −0.06 | 0.71 | 0.13 | −0.25 | 0.51 | 0.33 * | 0.06 | 0.6 |
| HAZ | −2.3 (1.3) | −2.6 (1.4) | −2.1 (1.3) | −2.2 (1.3) | 0.21 | −0.01 | 0.44 | 0.11 | −0.06 | 0.27 | 0.07 | −0.18 | 0.32 | 0.15 | −0.06 | 0.36 |
| WAZ | −1.7 (1.0) | −2.1 (1.1) | −1.5 (1.1) | −1.6 (1.1) | 0.33 *** | 0.23 | 0.44 | 0.17 * | 0.06 | 0.28 | 0.13 | −0.1 | 0.37 | 0.19 * | 0.09 | 0.29 |
| WHZ | −0.5 (0.9) | −0.8 (1.1) | −0.5 (1.0) | −0.4 (1.0) | 0.31 *** | 0.15 | 0.46 | 0.17 * | 0.05 | 0.3 | 0.13 | −0.06 | 0.33 | 0.18 | −0.01 | 0.36 |
| Stunting | 61.9 | 68 | 55.5 | 61 | −3.98 | −15.44 | 7.48 | −2.65 | −9.15 | 3.85 | −5.07 | −11.78 | 1.63 | −4.24 | −10.4 | 1.93 |
| Underweight | 37.1 | 53.1 | 30.8 | 34.9 | −16.25 *** | −24.12 | −8.38 | −7.83 *** | −14.39 | −1.26 | −8.89 | −18.96 | 1.17 | −9.02 *** | −15.1 | −2.94 |
| Wasting | 4.5 | 9.3 | 7 | 4.9 | −9.29 *** | −15.86 | −2.72 | −2.62 | −6.33 | 1.09 | −3.31 | −8.2 | 1.58 | −2.47 | −5.9 | 0.95 |
| Boys a | ||||||||||||||||
| Height | 80.2 (11.2) | 80.6 (11.2) | 82.4 (11.2) | 81.6 (11.8) | −0.05 | −1.17 | 1.06 | 0.21 | −1.31 | 1.74 | 0.13 | −1.13 | 1.39 | 0.22 | −0.9 | 1.35 |
| Weight | 10.2 (2.6) | 10.2 (2.7) | 10.9 (2.8) | 10.7 (3.0) | 0.17 | −0.17 | 0.52 | 0.23 | −0.11 | 0.57 | 0.21 | −0.23 | 0.66 | 0.25 | −0.09 | 0.6 |
| HAZ | −2.4 (1.3) | −2.6 (1.5) | −2.0 (1.3) | −2.2 (1.4) | 0.14 | −0.14 | 0.43 | 0.16 * | 0 | 0.31 | 0.08 | −0.17 | 0.33 | 0.22 * | 0.08 | 0.35 |
| WAZ | −1.7 (1.0) | −2.1 (1.1) | −1.4 (1.1) | −1.6 (1.1) | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.51 | 0.19 ** | 0.1 | 0.29 | 0.17 * | 0.01 | 0.32 | 0.25 * | 0.08 | 0.42 |
| WHZ | −0.6 (0.9) | −0.9 (1.2) | −0.3 (1.1) | −0.4 (1.0) | 0.27 *** | 0.08 | 0.47 | 0.21 * | 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.20 * | 0.02 | 0.38 | 0.21 * | 0.07 | 0.36 |
| Stunting | 63.7 | 65.7 | 50.8 | 58.8 | 0.69 | −14.00 | 15.37 | −4.14 | −10.48 | 2.19 | −1.27 | −10.49 | 7.95 | −6.15 * | −11.76 | −0.53 |
| Underweight | 37.4 | 48.8 | 27.5 | 34.8 | −9.74 | −23.38 | 3.90 | −5.03 | −11.19 | 1.13 | −3.39 | −13.45 | 6.67 | −6.49 | −13.15 | 0.16 |
| Wasting | 6.6 | 15.3 *** | 5.9 | 6.4 | −9.55 *** | −14.46 | −4.64 | −3.11 | −6.4 | 0.19 | −3.54 | −8.31 | 1.23 | −3.33 * | −6.16 | −0.49 |
| <2 years b | ||||||||||||||||
| Height | 70.0 (6.5) | 69.6 (6.7) | 70.8 (7.4) | 69.2 (7.4) | −0.28 | −1.16 | 0.60 | −0.85 * | −1.67 | −0.02 | −0.91 | −2.45 | 0.63 | −0.81 * | −1.6 | −0.02 |
| Weight | 7.8 (1.5) | 7.5 (1.6) | 8.1 (1.8) | 7.6 (1.8) | 0.03 | −0.30 | 0.37 | −0.15 | −0.38 | 0.08 | −0.17 | −0.45 | 0.11 | −0.14 | −0.36 | 0.08 |
| HAZ | −2.0 (1.4) | −2.2 (1.5) | −1.6 (1.4) | −1.9 (1.5) | 0.03 | −0.21 | 0.28 | 0.12 | −0.09 | 0.33 | −0.1 | −0.37 | 0.18 | 0.13 | −0.08 | 0.33 |
| WAZ | −1.5 (1.1) | −2.0 (1.2) | −1.2 (1.2) | −1.6 (1.2) | 0.18 | −0.04 | 0.41 | 0.08 | −0.06 | 0.22 | −0.01 | −0.24 | 0.23 | 0.09 | −0.08 | 0.27 |
| WHZ | −0.6 (0.9) | −1.1 (1.3) | −0.5 (1.1) | −0.7 (1.1) | 0.18 | −0.04 | 0.41 | 0.05 | −0.09 | 0.2 | 0.1 | −0.15 | 0.34 | 0.07 | −0.08 | 0.21 |
| Stunting | 52 | 58.2 | 39.8 | 50.8 | 2.76 | −5.16 | 10.68 | −2.48 | −8.1 | 3.14 | 1.61 | −6.44 | 9.66 | −3.57 | −10.37 | 3.23 |
| Underweight | 32.6 | 47.1 | 23.8 | 37.1 | −5.39 | −18.43 | 7.66 | −0.46 | −7.8 | 6.89 | 1.86 | −8.42 | 12.15 | −1.24 | −8.08 | 5.6 |
| Wasting | 6.7 | 18.8 | 6.8 | 10.3 | −9.19 *** | −15.81 | −2.57 | −1.2 | −5.16 | 2.76 | −1.91 | −6.88 | 3.05 | −1.03 | −4.2 | 2.13 |
| ≥2 years b | ||||||||||||||||
| Height | 87.1 (7.1) | 86.4 (7.9) | 88.3 (7.1) | 87.9 (7.6) | 0.53 | −0.12 | 1.18 | 0.41 | −0.18 | 1.01 | 0.59 | −0.45 | 1.63 | 0.74 | −0.16 | 1.64 |
| Weight | 11.7 (1.9) | 11.4 (2.0) | 12.1 (2.0) | 12.1 (2.1) | 0.39 *** | 0.12 | 0.66 | 0.36 *** | 0.12 | 0.6 | 0.44 ** | 0.18 | 0.69 | 0.44 *** | 0.25 | 0.63 |
| HAZ | −2.6 (1.1) | −2.8 (1.2) | −2.4 (1.1) | −2.4 (1.3) | 0.15 | −0.02 | 0.31 | 0.17 * | 0.06 | 0.28 | 0.12 | −0.03 | 0.28 | 0.21 * | 0.06 | 0.35 |
| WAZ | −1.9 (1.0) | −2.1 (1.1) | −1.6 (1.0) | −1.6 (1.0) | 0.28 *** | 0.12 | 0.44 | 0.28 *** | 0.18 | 0.37 | 0.27 ** | 0.13 | 0.41 | 0.30 *** | 0.19 | 0.41 |
| WHZ | −0.5 (0.9) | −0.6 (1.0) | −0.3 (1.0) | −0.2 (0.9) | 0.29 *** | 0.11 | 0.47 | 0.26 *** | 0.17 | 0.35 | 0.29 ** | 0.12 | 0.46 | 0.27 *** | 0.14 | 0.4 |
| Stunting | 73 | 73.1 | 62.8 | 65.8 | 0.05 | −6.01 | 6.11 | −4.82 | −10.23 | 0.6 | −4.05 | −12.54 | 4.44 | −6.66 ** | −12.13 | −1.18 |
| Underweight | 41.5 | 53.3 | 32.8 | 33.3 | −14.87 *** | −23.27 | −6.46 | −10.45 *** | −16.02 | −4.88 | −9.2 | −18.52 | 0.11 | −11.40 *** | −16.66 | −6.13 |
| Wasting | 4.9 | 8.2 | 6.1 | 2.7 | −8.51 *** | −13.91 | −3.11 | −3.86 ** | −5.98 | −1.74 | −6.22 ** | −9.22 | −3.22 | −4.10 ** | −6.43 | −1.78 |
| All c | ||||||||||||||||
| Height | 78.9 (10.9) | 79.3 (11.1) | 80.8 (11.3) | 80.3 (11.9) | 0.11 | −0.51 | 0.72 | 0.42 | −0.68 | 1.52 | −0.11 | −1.08 | 0.86 | 0.48 | −0.33 | 1.28 |
| Weight | 9.8 (2.6) | 9.8 (2.7) | 10.4 (2.8) | 10.3 (3.0) | 0.26 ** | 0.05 | 0.47 | 0.27 * | 0 | 0.55 | 0.17 | −0.12 | 0.47 | 0.29 | −0.01 | 0.6 |
| HAZ | −2.3 (1.3) | −2.6 (1.4) | −2.1 (1.3) | −2.2 (1.4) | 0.17 * | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.14 * | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.05 | −0.12 | 0.23 | 0.18 * | 0.09 | 0.27 |
| WAZ | −1.7 (1.0) | −2.1 (1.1) | −1.4 (1.1) | −1.6 (1.1) | 0.29 *** | 0.15 | 0.44 | 0.19 ** | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.18 * | 0.07 | 0.29 | 0.22 ** | 0.15 | 0.29 |
| WHZ | −0.5 (0.9) | −0.8 (1.1) | −0.4 (1.1) | −0.4 (1.0) | 0.29 *** | 0.15 | 0.42 | 0.18 * | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.24 * | 0.08 | 0.4 | 0.19 * | 0.09 | 0.3 |
| Stunting | 63 | 66.7 | 52.9 | 59.8 | −1.34 | −7.12 | 4.44 | −3.51 | −7.83 | 0.82 | −2.18 | −10.22 | 5.87 | −5.16 * | −9.55 | −0.77 |
| Underweight | 37.3 | 50.7 | 28.9 | 34.8 | −12.54 *** | −19.82 | −5.25 | −6.29 *** | −10.96 | −1.62 | −5.19 | −10.75 | 0.37 | −7.35 *** | −11.62 | −3.08 |
| Wasting | 5.8 | 12.7 | 6.4 | 5.7 | −9.32 *** | −14.86 | −3.79 | −2.86 * | −4.91 | −0.8 | −4.84 *** | −8.62 | −1.06 | −2.84 ** | −5.58 | −0.1 |
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. ADID = Adjusted difference-in-differences. a Adjusted for father’s educational attainment, household wealth index, child age, caste/ethnicity, and family size; weighted with bootstrapping; b Adjusted for father’s educational attainment, household wealth index, caste/ethnicity, gender, and family size, weighted with bootstrapping; c Adjusted for father’s educational attainment, household wealth index, caste/ethnicity, gender, child age in month, and family size, weighted with bootstrapping. # Radius = 0.02; ! Weighted with bootstrapping. Z scores for height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ) and weight-height (WHZ).