Migraine attacks among medical students in Soochow University, Southeast China: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Migraine is one of the most common primary headache disorders and is burdensome to both the individual and society, influencing the academic performance and quality of daily lives of medical students worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the migraine prevalence in a sample of university medical students in China and to examine the features and typical trigger factors of migraine among these students. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From May 2016 to August 2016, a total of 1,060 medical students who were enrolled in Soochow University in Jiangsu Province in China were chosen through stratified random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire that included the ID Migraine™ for screening of migraine cases was used to collect data. The frequency, severity, duration of migraine attacks, and relevant trigger factors were measured for migraine cases. In total, 986 students completed the questionnaire.
RESULTS: The overall migraine prevalence among students was 7.91%, with 4.64% in male and 9.84% in female students. Junior-grade students had a higher migraine prevalence than senior students (prevalence of migraine of year 1 to year 5 undergraduates: 10.83%, 8.9% vs. 6.25%, 4.42%, 5.33%, P<0.05; prevalence of migraine of year 1 to year 3 graduates: 9.68%, 9.71% vs. 6.38%, P<0.05). Students with a positive family history were more likely to suffer migraine than those without (OR=8.48, 95% CI: 4.33-16.59). Stress (n=73, 93.59%), lack of sleep (n=72, 92.31%), and change of sleeping time (n=68, 87.18%) were the top three trigger factors among the students.
CONCLUSION: Migraine was common among medical students from a university in China, and especially higher in female and junior-grade students, and those with a family history of migraine. Reducing stress and improving sleep quality might be effective to reduce migraine attacks in this population.

Introduction

Migraine is among the most common primary headache disorders. The worldwide 1-year migraine prevalence ranges from 2.6% to 21.7%, with the prevalence in women being twice or thrice higher than in men.1 Migraine is usually nonfatal, but disabling. According to the global burden of disease survey in 2010, migraine was the third most common condition, and led to the seventh highest years lived with disability (YLDs) among ictal disabilities.2,3 Migraine causes financial burden to both the individual and society, including direct, such as medical expenses, and indirect, such as work absenteeism and reduced productivity and costs.4

Most migraine onsets appear during late adolescence to early 30s; moreover, for the university students who are mostly in their 20s, the headache attacks are significantly related to increased discipline failures and absenteeism.5–8 Other than academic failure, avoiding extra-curricular activities with family and friends greatly influence the quality of daily lives of students.9 Medical students are understood to be a special group of university students and, understandably, the prolonged medical education, heavy study load, and demanding professional responsibility are the typical sources of stress that may lead to migraine attacks.9–11 Moreover, the work shifts during residency lead to irregular sleeping and dietary habits, which are common triggers of migraine. Thus, studies have been done in many countries to estimate the situation of migraine attacks among medical students. The migraine prevalence varied from 2.4% to 48.5% worldwide in this population;12 however, the different diagnostic criteria, male to female ratio, and other details of the study methodology may have caused heterogeneity.1

Sleep disturbance and study-related stress might be the common trigger factors in medical students; moreover, other triggers, such as weather and climate, missing a meal, loud noises, and menstrual periods, were reported from university students.6,9,11 Moreover, inherited traits, different cultural backgrounds, lifestyles, and external environment might cause the diversity of trigger factors; thus, more studies are needed.6,9,11

In China, the first national survey for primary head-ache was conducted from 2008 to 2009, with the migraine prevalence at 9.3%.13 However, the study of the prevalence of migraine, features, and trigger factors among medical students was limited. Only one study, conducted in Harbin in Heilongjiang Province, investigated the migraine prevalence and awareness among medical students.14 However, the relevant trigger factors remain unknown to Chinese medical students.

In view of this, our study aims to: 1) investigate the migraine prevalence among medical students in Soochow University in Southeast China; and 2) examine the migraine features and determine the common trigger factors in this population.

Material and methods

Study design and setting

A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2016 to August 2016 on medical students in Soochow University in Jiangsu Province in China.

Ethics statement

This study was approved by the Human Subjects Ethics Sub-committee of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HSEARS20160509001) and the Ethics Committee of Soochow University (ECSU-20160006). All participants gave written informed consent. This study was anonymous, voluntary, confidential, beneficial, and harmless. Participants were given the choice to quit the study at any time and without any reason.

Study populations

The undergraduate and graduate medical students from the Faculty of Medicine of Soochow University comprised the target populations. The inclusion criteria were medical students with majors in clinical medicine, basic medicine and biological sciences, nursing, public health, pharmacy, and radiology, and aged 18 years or above. Those excluded were students studying for continuing education or a higher diploma, or double degree students with non-medical majors. Based on the estimated prevalence of 15%, which was pooled from 35 studies among medical students,12 a sample size of 784 was needed to achieve a 0.05 interval width and a 95% confidence level. Considering the 90% response rate, the final sample size was 872. The proportion of undergraduate and graduate medical students in Soochow University was 5,010:2,492; therefore, 582 undergraduate students and 290 graduate students were recruited.

Stratified random sampling according to grade was adopted as the first step in the sampling procedure. The university provided the list of classes and students’ IDs. The number of needed participants from each grade was determined by the proportion of students among grades. In each grade, for the undergraduate students, several classes were randomly selected, and all students in those classes were considered potential participants. The graduate students had no unified classes; therefore, individual students were randomly selected from each grade. Invitation emails and phone calls were sent to the corresponding students according to the sampling results.

Data collection

Questionnaire

A self-administered questionnaire was designed to collect data. The questionnaire contained four parts. The first part collected demographical information, including grade, major, age, gender, ethnicity, birthplace, height and weight, living expenses per month, and family history of migraine.

The second part was the ID Migraine™ (Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA) screening test, which contains a pre-screening question (Did you have two or more headaches in the past 3 months?) and a three-item questionnaire based on migraine symptoms. A participant who replies “yes” to the first question and admits to have experienced at least two of the following symptoms (nausea, photophobia, and disability) is considered to have migraine. ID Migraine™, a brief and efficient tool, is considered useful for diagnosing migraine in primary care settings; moreover, it has been indicated as a successful screening tool in many studies.11,14,16,17 The diagnostic accuracy of ID Migraine™ was quantified in previous studies, and it has a sensitivity of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.75–0.90) and specificity of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.69–0.83).15 The Chinese version of ID Migraine™ showed a sensitivity and specificity of 84% and 64%, respectively, when tested recently.18

The third part of the questionnaire involved the assessment of migraine features, including onset time, frequency, duration, and intensity of migraine attacks. The Numerical Rating Scale is widely used for assessing pain intensity in clinical practice, and we adopted it in this questionnaire. Participants evaluated the degree of their headaches on a scale of 0–10, with 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst pain. Students’ clinic-visit histories and relief methods for migraine attacks were included in this part of the survey. Except for medications taken, four types of pain relief methods, namely, sleep or rest, water or food intake, hot shower or bath, acupuncture or massage, were listed for selection. The fourth part of the questionnaire listed the potential trigger factors in a Likert-type form. It was mainly based on Mukadder Mollaoglu’s List of Trigger Factors of Migraine,19 with 12 additional triggers from a clinical study in China.20 The part regarding stress was based on a stressor survey among university students in China.21 “Bingeing” was added in the dietary factors, following a diet behavior survey among colleges in Suzhou.22 In total, 26 trigger factors were listed and subsequently categorized into five aspects, namely, diet (hunger, fasting, bingeing, and consumption of milk and cheese, chocolate, alcohol, coffee, tea, and other foods); sleep (oversleep, lack of sleep, and changes in time of sleep); stress (stress at study or work, personal life, sudden negative incidents, and family); physical activity (exercise and head and neck movements); environmental factors (clarity, changes in temperature, seasonal changes, wind, smoking, smell, and noise); as well as one factor pertaining to women alone – menstrual cycle. The 5-point Likert scale was used to measure the frequency of the trigger factors: 0-never, 1-rarely/occasionally, 2-sometimes, 3-often, and 4-very often. We then categorized the answers as No (selected “0”), Occasional (selected “1” or “2”), and Frequent (selected “3” or “4”) for analysis.

Six specialists from neurological departments of three hospitals were invited to assess the content validity of parts three and four of the questionnaire. One item in the trigger factors – “exercises” – was removed because of low item-content validity index. A total of 74 students in a class were enrolled to conduct the test–retest reliability test, with a time interval of 2 weeks. Students also suggested adding an option of “irregular” to migraine frequency, describing infrequent attacks of less than once a month for most of the time but extra attacks during some periods. The intra-class correlation coefficient was used to assess the test–retest reliability of this questionnaire, and the reliability of parts three and four were 0.758 and 0.992, respectively.

Data collection procedure

A school staff member helped the investigator contact the class monitors and student assistants. For undergraduate students, survey schedules were arranged according to the available time and place provided by the class monitors. The class monitors helped the investigator enter classrooms and deliver questionnaires. Information about the study, such as its purpose, the procedures, and importance, were introduced first and questions from students were answered by the investigator. The students signed the informed consent before answering the questionnaire. To reduce missing or incorrect content, each questionnaire was quickly checked upon submission to the investigator. For graduate students, participants filled the questionnaires in libraries, laboratories, or hospitals during individual visits by the investigator after email or telephone confirmation. Some of the students refused or did not respond to our emails and phone calls. To achieve the expected sample size, we gave the questionnaires to the next student on the list when a student refused to participate.

Data analysis

The SPSS Statistics version 23 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for data analysis. Continuous variables with normal distributions were described as the mean and SD. Non-normal distributions of continuous data were presented as medians and IQRs. Categorical variables were described as numbers and percentages. Individual sample Student’s t-test and ANOVA were used to compare the group differences for normally distributed continuous data. Non-normally distributed continuous data were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. The Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used for categorical data wherever appropriate. Binary logistic regression analysis was adopted to identify the factors associated with migraine status. Differences between groups were considered significant when P was less than 0.05.

Results

A total of 15 classes with 736 undergraduate and 324 graduate students were invited to answer the questionnaire. A total of six undergraduate and 34 graduate students provided no response. The overall response rate was 96.23%, with 99.18% from undergraduate and 89.51% from graduate students. In total, 1,020 medical students completed the questionnaires, and 986 valid questionnaires were analyzed.

Characteristics of the participants

The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 35 years, with a mean age of 22.42±2.98 years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 20.99±2.71 kg/m2.

Nearly two thirds (63%) of the participants were female, which was similar to the overall gender proportion of medical students in Soochow University. Moreover, nearly half of the students lived in urban areas (47%). Most of the participants (95%) were of Han nationality. Nearly half (49%) received ¥800–¥1,200 for living expenses monthly from their respective families, whereas 13% of students received less than ¥800 monthly. Less than one tenth (8.8%) of the participants reported a positive family history of migraine, whereas one fifth (21.1%) were unaware.

Table 1 shows differences in the demographic characteristics of participants according to gender. More female students were seen in undergraduate students, minority groups, and those from rural areas. Male students were older, with higher BMI and living expenses, and had a low family history of migraine. All these differences were statistically significant.

Table 1

Demographic characteristics of participants according to gender

Characteristics	Total (N=986)	Male (n=366)	Female (n=620)	P
Education level				0.000
Undergraduate	696 (70.6%)	227 (62.0%)	469 (75.6%)
Graduate	290 (29.4%)	139 (38.0%)	151 (24.4%)
Grade				0.554
Grade 1	250 (25.4%)	83 (22.7%)	167 (26.9%)
Grade 2	294 (29.8%)	110 (30.1%)	184 (29.7%)
Grade 3	254 (25.8%)	103 (28.1%)	151 (24.4%)
Grade 4	113 (11.5%)	43 (11.7%)	70 (11.3%)
Grade 5	75 (7.6%)	27 (7.4%)	48 (7.7%)
Ethnicity				0.021
Han	939 (95.2%)	356 (97.3%)	583 (94.0%)
Minority	47 (4.8%)	10 (2.7%)	37 (6.0%)
Birthplace				0.001
Rural	523 (53.0%)	168 (45.9%)	355 (57.3%)
Urban	463 (47.0%)	198 (54.1%)	265 (42.7%)
Living expenses/per month				0.033
≤¥800	127 (12.9%)	40 (10.9%)	87 (14.0%)
¥800–1,200	486 (49.3%)	169 (46.2%)	317 (51.5%)
≥¥1,200	373 (37.8%)	157 (42.9%)	216 (34.8%)
Family history of migraine				0.031
Yes	87 (8.8%)	30 (8.2%)	57 (9.2%)
No	691 (70.1%)	274 (74.9%)	417 (67.3%)
Unknown	208 (21.1%)	62 (16.9%)	146 (23.5%)
Age, years	22.4 (3.0)	23.1 (3.2)	22.0 (2.7)	0.000
Body mass index, kg/m2	20.8 (2.6)	22.1 (1.4)	20.0 (2.1)	0.000

Notes: Values reported as mean (SD) or n (%) for total sample and for each gender group where appropriate. P-values generated from one-way ANOVA or Pearson Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test where appropriate.

Prevalence of migraine

A total of 155 students had two or more headaches in the past 3 months, and 78 were confirmed as having migraine by the ID Migraine™ screening test. The overall migraine prevalence was 7.91% (78/986; 95% CI: 6.23%–9.60%); moreover, migraine was slightly more prevalent in graduate students than in undergraduate ones (8.62% vs. 7.61%). Figure 1 shows the migraine prevalence according to study grade. Year 1 and 2 students had higher migraine prevalence than senior students (P=0.018). Table 2 shows the migraine prevalence among different groups of students. Gender, living expenses, and family history of migraine were significantly associated with migraine in this study. Female students, students with lower living expenses, and those with a family history of migraine were highly likely to have migraine (all P<0.05). In the binary logistic regression analysis (Table 3), only gender (female, OR=2.24, 95% CI: 1.29–3.90) and family history of migraine (positive family history, OR=8.48, 95% CI: 4.33–16.59) contributed significantly to migraine status.

Figure 1

Prevalence of migraine in different grades.

Table 2

Prevalence of migraine according to participants’ characteristics

Characteristics	n (%)	Prevalence (%)	95% CI (%)	P
Overall	986	7.91	6.23–9.60
Education level				0.594
Undergraduate	696 (70.59)	7.61	5.64–9.59
Graduate	290 (29.41)	8.62	5.39–11.85
Gender				0.004
Male	366 (37.12)	4.64	2.48–6.80
Female	620 (62.88)	9.84	7.5–12.18
Grade				0.181
Grade 1	250 (25.35)	10.40	2.55–8.12
Grade 2	294 (29.82)	9.18	2.07–6.78
Grade 3	254 (25.76)	6.30	3.31–9.29
Grade 4	113 (11.46)	4.42	3.86–14.51
Grade 5	75 (7.61)	5.33	3.49–17.31
Ethnicity				0.069
Han	939 (95.23)	7.56	5.87–9.25
Minority	47 (4.77	14.89	4.72–25.07
Birthplace				0.882
Rural	523 (53.04)	8.00	5.67–10.33
Urban	463 (46.96)	7.80	5.36–10.24
Living expenses/per month				0.019
≤¥800	127 (12.88)	14.17	8.10–20.24
¥800–1,200	486 (49.29)	7.20	4.90–9.50
≥¥1,200	373 (37.83)	6.70	4.16–9.24
Family history of migraine				<0.001
Yes	87 (8.82)	22.99	14.15–31.83
No	691 (70.08)	4.05	2.58–5.52
Unknown	208 (21.10)	14.42	9.65–19.19

Notes: n (%) was the number and percentage for each variable among participants with migraine. P-values generated from Pearson Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test where appropriate.

Table 3

ORs of migraine cases according to characteristics using logistic regression analysis

Characteristics	Crude OR (95%CI)a	P	Adjusted OR (95% CI)b	P
Gender
Male	1		1
Female	2.24 (1.287–3.898)	0.004	2.529 (1.317–4.856)	0.005
Family history of migraine
Without	1		1
With	7.068 (3.778–13.224)	0.000	8.479 (4.333–16.591)	0.000
Unknown	3.991 (2.323–6.855)	0.000	4.328 (2.395–7.820)	0.000
Living expense/per month
≤¥800	1		1
¥800–1,200	0.47 (0.256–0.861)	0.015	0.545 (0.282–1.053)	0.071
>¥1,200	0.435 (0.229–0.827)	0.011	0.52 (0.257–1.054)	0.070

Notes:

Only the corresponding independent variable was entered into the model.

The regression model was adjusted for grade, age, body mass index, ethnicity, birthplace, and educational level.

Features of migraine and migraineurs’ attitude toward headache

The features of migraine are shown in Table 4. More than half (58.02%) of the migraineurs had migraine onset between the age of 15 and 20 years, two thirds (66.67%) of the migraineurs reported irregular migraine attacks, and the majority experienced migraine attacks lasting <24 h (94%). The median pain score for migraine attacks was 4 (IQR: 3–5) and ranged from 1–8. The intensity was categorized as mild (1–3), moderate (3–6), and severe (≥7), and most students with migraine suffered mild (44.9%) or moderate (48.7%) pain. These migraine features did not significantly differ between male and female students.

Table 4

Features of migraine and differences between genders

Characteristics	Total n=78	Male n=17	Female n=61	P
Age at onset
<15 years	13 (16.67%)	3	10
15–20 years	47 (60.25%)	13	34
>20 years	18 (23.08%)	1	17	0.154
Frequency
1–3 day/week	1 (1.23%)	0	1
4–6 day/week	9 (11.11%)	3	6
Biweekly	5 (6.17%)	1	4
Monthly	9 (11.11%)	1	8
Irregular	54 (66.67%)	12	42	0.817
Duration
≥24 h	5 (6.41%)	1	4
>1 h and <24 h	38 (48.72%)	6	32
≤1 h	35 (44.87%)	10	25	0.383
Intensity/median (IQR)
Visual Analog Scale	4 (3–5)	3 (3–4.5)	3 (4–5)	0.689

Notes: Values reported as mean (SD) or n (%) for total sample, where appropriate. P-values generated from Mann–Whitney U test, Person Chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test, wherever appropriate.

Among 78 migraineurs, only 12% had visited a physician for their headache. Moreover, Figure 2 shows that rest or sleep was the most frequent method for relieving headaches. A quarter of the migraineurs had tried hot baths, drinking water, or eating. Non-medication methods were highly popular among migraineurs, and only eleven students reported trying self-medication, with five having used prescribed medication. Moreover, 8.6%, 21.1%, and 60% of those with mild, moderate, and severe headaches, respectively, used medication for pain relief. Apparently, more students who experienced severe pain took medication than those with milder pain (P<0.05).

Figure 2

Coping strategies for migraine.

Trigger factors

The distribution and ranking of migraine triggers in our study are presented in Table 5. Stress at study or work (93.6%) was the most reported trigger factor, followed by lack of sleep (92.3%) and change in time of sleep (87.2%). Almost three quarters of the migraineurs reported environmental triggers, including sudden change in temperature (79.5%) and noise (76.9%). Among the reported trigger factors, lack of sleep was the most frequent, and 59% migraineurs considered it to have occurred “often or very often” before experiencing headache attacks. Other frequent trigger factors included stress at study or work (46.2%) and changes in time of sleep (43.6%). Additionally, drinking and smoking behaviors ranked high (fourth and ninth) among the frequent trigger factors in this study. Differences among common trigger factors between genders are shown in Figure 3. Alcohol was a frequent migraine trigger among male students but was significantly different among female students (82.35% vs. 55.74%, P<0.05). Conversely, oversleeping was frequent among female students (67.21% vs. 35.29%, P<0.05). Moreover, most (67.21%) female migraineurs selected menstrual cycle as a migraine trigger, and it ranked eighth among the 25 trigger factors. These trigger factors were not significantly associated with the frequency, intensity, and duration of migraine attacks (all P>0.05).

Table 5

Common and frequent trigger factors among medical studentsa

Trigger factors	n (%) of migraineurs considered it as a trigger factorb	Rankingc	n (%) of migraineurs considered it as a frequent trigger factord	Rankinge
Stress at study/work	73 (93.59)	1	36 (46.15)	2
Lack of sleep	72 (92.31)	2	46 (58.97)	1
Changes in time of sleep	68 (87.18)	3	34 (43.59)	3
Sudden change in temperature	62 (79.49)	4	19 (24.36)	6
Noise	60 (76.92)	5	20 (25.64)	5
Stress in personal life	58 (74.36)	6	18 (23.08)	7
Smell	57 (73.08)	7	11 (14.10)	13
Menstrual cyclef	41 (67.21)	8	9 (21.95)	8
Stress – family	49 (62.82)	9	15 (19.23)	11
Stress – sudden negative incidents	48 (61.54)	10	16 (20.51)	10
Alcohol	48 (61.54)	10	22 (28.21)	4
Seasonal change	48 (61.54)	10	14 (17.95)	12
Oversleeping	47 (60.26)	13	11 (14.10)	13
Head and neck movement	47 (60.26)	13	11 (14.10)	13
Wind	47 (60.26)	13	11 (14.10)	13
Smoking	46 (58.97)	16	17 (21.79)	9
Clarity	44 (56.41)	17	4 (5.13)	20
Coffee	36 (46.54)	18	8 (10.26)	17
Hunger	35 (44.87)	19	3 (3.85)	22
Bingeing	33 (42.31)	20	6 (7.69)	18
Tea	29 (37.18)	21	3 (3.85)	22
Milk and cheese	26 (33.33)	22	6 (7.69)	18
Fasting	24 (30.77)	23	1 (1.28)	25
Chocolate	21 (26.92)	24	3 (3.85)	22
Other food	11 (14.10)	25	4 (5.13)	20

Notes:

A 5-point Likert scale was used to determine the most common and most frequent trigger factors. The 5-point Likert scale: 0=never, 1=rarely/occasionally, 2=sometimes, 3=often, 4=very often. All the factors scored higher than “0” by the migraineurs were considered as a trigger factor in the study. The most common trigger factor meant most migraineurs selected it as a trigger factor. The most frequent trigger factor meant most migraineurs scored it higher than “3”.

Percentage (%) = number of migraineurs selecting corresponding factor as a trigger/total number of migraineurs.

Ranking of the most common trigger factor.

Percentage (%) = number of migraineurs selecting corresponding factor as a frequent trigger/number of migraineurs selecting corresponding factor as a trigger.

Ranking of the most frequent trigger factor.

Females only.

Figure 3

Trigger factors among male and female groups.

Discussion

Our study found out that migraine was common among medical students in Soochow University and affected 7.9% of the population. The prevalence was significantly higher in female and junior-grade students and those with a family history of migraine. Most student migraineurs had migraine onset at ages between 15 and 20 and suffered mild, irregular, and short-term headache attacks. Moreover, the highly prevalent trigger factors were stress and lack of sleep. Seventy-eight of the 155 students who suffered headaches were screened using ID Migraine™, and based on previous sensitivity and specificity report,15 approximately 84% (66) of them were true positive. Besides, among those 908 students without migraine, approximately 76% (690) were true negative while others may have atypical migraine, or other kinds of primary or secondary headaches.

The overall migraine prevalence in our study was comparable to that in medical students in Northeast China (7.91% vs. 8.6%)14 and to the general population of China (9.3%);13 moreover, it is similar to the migraine prevalence among medical students in Iran (7.14%, 7.3%, and 8.1%)23–25 and India (8.6%).26 Furthermore, the overall migraine prevalence in our study is lower than that in students in the USA (24.8%)10 and Kuwait (27.86%),11 but higher than in Nigeria (6.4%).27 Our results correspond with previous epidemiological studies, thereby proving that migraine is more prevalent in Europe and North America but less prevalent in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.1

Most of the previous studies showed a higher prevalence among female than male students.10,11,26,27 One of the reasons might be the influence of estrogen, which causes menstrual migraine attacks to manifest without an aura and have increased duration, functional disability, and treatment resistance.28 However, some studies found no significant difference between male and female students.14,29 Ethnicity, diagnostic criteria, sampling method, and sample size might be the reasons that led to the discrepant results. In our study, nearly one quarter of the migraineurs, which is significantly higher than those without migraine, had a family history of migraine, pointing out the genetic predisposition of migraine.30

The present study showed a higher migraine prevalence among first and second year students in both undergraduate and graduate levels. This phenomenon may be explained by adaptive and learning pressures in a new environment among junior students in Soochow University. Previous studies showed inconsistent results regarding the relationship among migraine, age, and year of study. Some studies suggested that the migraine prevalence increased with age14 and is high in the first and last two grades;11 however, other studies detected no significant relationship among these.25,27,31,32 We speculate that these inconsistent results might be caused by the different time periods of survey during the academic year and the different medical educational systems.

According to univariate analysis, students with the lower living expense were more likely to suffer from migraine attacks; however, this association was eliminated in the multiple logistic regression analysis. Some studies suggested that in the general population, migraine prevalence increases as income decreases,33 and teenagers from low-income house-holds and without family history of migraine were more likely to suffer from migraine than children from higher-income families.34 This showed that without the strong influence of genetic factors, personal or family economic status may contribute to migraine attacks due to financial stress or limited access to health care services.

Unlike studies conducted in the USA,10 Kuwait,11 and South East Nigeria35 wherein the headaches were moderate-to-severe, most students suffered from mild-to-moderate headaches in our study and in that from Northern India.26 Surprisingly, most of the students reported an irregular frequency of migraine attacks. The low level of migraine intensity, irregular episodes, and relatively short duration in both male and female students partly explained the low medication use and fewer clinical visits in our study.

Only 12% of the students suffering from migraine consulted a doctor specifically for headaches which was substantially lower than the 50% among migraine patients of the general population in the USA36 and China.37 Moreover, undiagnosed students, who were the majority in this study, showed other possibilities such as low awareness of migraine14 or inconvenient access to student health services.

Stress at work or study and lack of sleep were the most common (91.25%, 90.0%) and frequent (45%, 57.5%) trigger factors in our study. From a number of research results,9,11,23,35 stress and sleep problems were the two biggest sources of precipitating migraine attacks among medical students. All four aspects of stress listed in the questionnaire were ranked higher among overall triggers in our study; clearly, stress management is an important issue among medical students. Stress management programs should be developed so that students can learn the correct methods of stress alleviation. Moreover, personal habits and behaviors and environmental factors were found to trigger migraine attacks. To decrease the migraine attacks, reducing contact with these triggers is important. Furthermore, based on previous studies, menstrual migraine affects more than half of the female migraineurs.28 In our study, two thirds of female migraineurs considered menstrual cycle as a trigger for migraine attacks. Because menstrual cycle is unavoidable for women in the reproductive age, it is important to develop more effective treatment.38 Ranking of trigger factors was slightly different among female and male students, thereby suggesting that targeted prevention strategies for migraine attacks should be developed for male and female patients separately. Students would highly benefit from migraine prevention programs if these help them recognize trigger factors consciously and change behaviors or habits accordingly. Effective education for migraine awareness and pain relief should also be provided. Moreover, because triggers were also commonly found among patients with tension-type headache,7,20 further studies comparing these two kinds of primary headaches may help to enrich the content of headache-management programs.

Strengths and limitations

Our study provides evidence regarding associated trigger factors of migraine in Chinese university students that seems not to have been explored yet in this population. It provides evidence regarding associated trigger factors of migraine that has, to our best knowledge, never been explored in this population and indicates the need for migraine control programs to benefit student migraineurs. The school staff helped to enhance the students’ trust and promote smooth progress of the study. Our questionnaire-based survey had a higher response rate of 96.2% than previous studies,10,11,14 indicating good compliance of responses in the students. However, this study still has some limitations. First, because we only screened the students who have had two or more headaches in the last 3 months, an underestimation of the migraine prevalence might have occurred. Moreover, some persons might only have one to two attacks within 1 year. Second, we did not identify the subtypes of migraine. Other than menstrual migraine, subtypes such as migraine with or without aura and episodic or chronic migraine, could not be clearly identified in our study, thereby limiting the insights into migraine features among different subtypes. Third, the nature of the cross-sectional study design presented students’ recall bias to some extent. Fourth, this study only estimated the prevalence of migraine among medical students in one university, which made its representation limited to some extent. Moreover, stress is the only trigger factor in the emotional aspect in our study, which may not be comprehensive enough. Finally, our study did not discriminate between primary and secondary headaches. Further studies should focus on the general population as well as a specific study population that is vulnerable to migraine attacks and differentiate between primary and secondary headaches to gain more insight into the features and triggers of this disease.

Conclusion

Migraine is common among medical students in Soochow University and prevalent in female, junior students, and those with family history of migraine. Stress and lack of sleep are the most common trigger factors in this population. Future studies should focus on identifying migraine subtypes, as well as exploring details and information regarding trigger factors among medical students. Well-designed interventions for preventing migraine attacks and an educational program for increasing migraine awareness among medical students are also suggested.